Residential location,transportation, and welfare‐to‐work in the United States: A case study of Milwaukee

Abstract

This article addresses two questions about spatial barriers to welfare‐to‐work transition in the United States. First, what residential and transportation adjustments do welfare recipients tend to make as they try to become economically self‐sufficient? Second, do these adjustments actually increase the probability that they will become employed?

Analysis of 1997–2000 panel data on housing location and automobile ownership for Milwaukee welfare recipients reveals two tendencies: (1) to relocate to neighborhoods with less poverty and more racial integration and (2) to obtain a car. Results from binary logit models indicate that residential relocation and car ownership both increase the likelihood that welfare recipients will become employed. These findings suggest that policies should aim to facilitate residential mobility for low‐income families and improve their neighborhoods, rather than simply move them closer to job opportunities. The findings also suggest a critical role for transportation policy in reducing unemployment.     

从经济一体化走向政治经济联盟——拉美团结自强争取独立的历史道路

拉美一体化的思想渊源来自独立战争领导者玻利瓦尔倡导的美洲联盟思想。二战后在欧洲经济一体化的影响和联合国拉美经委会的地区主义倡导下,拉美一体化进程开始蓬勃发展,产生了多个次地区和地区性的一体化组织。在经历了20世纪七八十年代的低潮后,90年代以来拉美国家在开放的地区主义指导下展开了新一轮一体化高潮,原有的次地区一体化组织实行了大幅重组,并建立了一批新型一体化组织,包括南方共同市场、南美洲国家联盟和美洲玻利瓦尔联盟等。拉美一体化进程最初主要是在经济领域,后逐步渗透到政治等领域。2010年拉美和加勒比国家共同体宣告成立,表明拉美地区一体化开始走向全地区政治经济大联盟,但其前景如何仍然有待观察。     

Analysis of 50 SNPs in CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in Chinese Han population

One of the major challenges in the near future is the identification of genes that affect the metabolism of different drugs. Large scale association studies that utilise single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been considered a valuable tool for this purpose. CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 were found to be involved in the majority of hepatically cleared drugs. To determine the allele frequencies of some SNPs that may have great potential value in forensic science, we screened 50 SNPs in these 5 CYP genes in Chinese Han people using an accurate, high-throughput, cost-effective method. Primers were designed using the MassARRAY Assay Design software. Genomic DNA was prepared from blood samples obtained from individuals of Chinese Han origin. Multiplex PCR was performed to amplify the relevant gene fragments, and the polymorphisms were analysed by allele-specific primer extension followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). A panel of genomic DNA samples previously genotyped by other methods were analysed simultaneously for quality control, and the results demonstrated that this assay was 100% accurate. A total of 17 of the analysed SNPs were polymorphic. Of these 17 SNPs, 8 (rs16947, rs28371725, rs1800754, rs4244285, rs4986893, rs12248560, rs3758580, rs2242480) had an allele frequency that was significantly different between this Chinese Han population and Caucasians (p<0.01). In addition, the frequencies of two of these SNPs (rs1800754, rs3758581) in our Chinese Han population differed significantly from the existing Chinese frequency data (p<0.01). The described method thus provides reliable results and enables the genotyping of up to thousands of samples by taking advantage of the high-throughput MALDI-TOF technology. The results herein are now included as a supplement to the P450 database.     

网络"锐词"的勃兴与规治

网络"锐词"以时事性、精锐性、网聚性、快捷性的特点频频登上网络生活的舞台,已经成为一种新的网络流行文化.网络"锐词"勃兴是在社会问题凸现的背景下,网民依托现代网络通信技术的普及,通过言简意赅、精准传神的新词汇创作,表达对社会问题的理解,以实现对社会问题的监督鞭策.针对网络"锐词"勃兴现象,有关部门要主动认识、理解、适应和融入网络文化环境,从网络文化观念、民生政务反思、网络话语环境等方面着手规范、引导、治理,让网络"锐词"成为主旋律传播的有力武器.     

肌红蛋白降解与人体死亡时间的相关性

目的检测人体死亡后骨骼肌中肌红蛋白的降解水平,探讨其与死亡时间的关系。方法分别于人体死后0、4、8、12、24、36、48、60、72h取骨骼肌,置于室温25℃,在不同时间点抽提蛋白质,用Western Blot方法检测肌红蛋白,随后利用生物电泳图像分析软件分析。结果肌红蛋白随死后时间逐步降解。结论肌红蛋白降解的检测可用于推断死亡时间。     

Detection of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in beverages

OBJECTIVE: To establish an analytical method for the determination of GHB in beverages using GC/MS and LC/MS/MS. METHODS: After beverage samples with GHB-d6 as the internal standard were extracted with ethyl acetate, then the extracts were derivatized with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), at last the derivateized extracts analyzed by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. After beverage samples with GHB-d6 as the internal standard were diluted by mobile phase then directly analyzed by LC/MS/MS. Results The limit of detection was 0.2 microg/mL and both relative standard deviations for between-day and within-day assays were < 8.54% in GC/MS. The limit of detection was 2 microg/mL and both relative standard deviations for between-day and within-day assays were <8.62% in LC/MS/MS. Conclusion These methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis were found to be sensitive, accurate, rapid and suitable for the forensic toxicology to test of GHB in real cases.     

撕脱骨折与永存骨骺、籽骨、副骨的影像学鉴别

目的探讨撕脱性骨折与永存性骨骺、籽骨、副骨的影像学鉴别办法。方法回顾性分析了14个要求重新鉴定是否存在骨折的案例,观察撕脱性骨折的直接、间接征象,并结合其发生机制与永存性骨骺、籽骨及副骨的固有形态、特点等进行对照。结果所选案例中有2例永存性骨骺、3例籽骨、3例副骨均具有骨块边缘钝圆、骨皮质连续、局部软组织未见肿胀以及伤后该骨的连续摄片无明显变化等共同特征。结论正确掌握撕脱性骨折、生理性小骨骺、籽骨及解剖变异的副骨的特点,并综合运用影像学资料是鉴别撕脱性骨折的基本要素。     

以人为本--马克思主义唯物史观的根本原则

唯物史观作为开创性的社会历史观,不仅提出了系统的社会历史宏观解释框架,还确认了以人为本的价值取向,即确定了人的发展作为唯物史观基本价值维度的地位。同时,以人为本和唯物史观的终极目的———人的全面发展是一致的。     

跨太平洋伙伴关系协议(TPP)的成本收益分析:中国的视角

早在谈判初期,TPP就宣称将达成一个全面的、高水平的面向21世纪的自由贸易协议,但事实上,TPP将无助于加强亚太地区的经济联系,更无法解决亚太地区的"意大利面条碗效应"问题。关于TPP的成本收益分析表明,经济小国或许能够从TPP中获益,但是对大国而言,TPP基本没有经济价值。TPP只是美国应对东亚合作、获得非传统经济利益的工具。从中国角度看,长期内,克服TPP负面影响的根本途径是扩大内需;中期内则需要与日本共同推动实现东亚合作,确保中国在整个TPP博弈中获得次优结果。     

高校党建应对微文化生态的价值自觉与省思

微文化生态环境对高校党建工作提出了新的挑战。高校微文化表达浅反思,呈现娱乐化,趋向无序化,为高校党建工作带来了"信仰瓶颈""平台瓶颈""能力瓶颈"。高校党建需要建立以微积聚、以小见大的理念,于细微处探寻文化之路,将时代意识渗入党建环节,开拓更契合大学生个性发展需求的教育媒介与实现空间,创建多维立体党建工作格局,实现高校党建工作价值自觉。路径选择有:以微阵地把握价值导向,扩大主流意识覆盖面;以微互动促进价值增值,提升高校党建工作针对性;以微功能拓展价值运用,实现高校教学主体现代化。