论“信息陷阱“的法律规制——以手机和固定电话信息服务费为视角

随着通信和网络功能的不断完善,网络信息服务市场的不断发展,人们的社会活动和消费方式也不断被数字化和网络化了.网络发展迅速,而相关法律滞后,给消费者的消费安全带来了隐患.网络信息服务商利用法律空白设置"信息陷阱",侵害消费者利益的案例屡见不鲜.加强网络法律问题研究和相关立法刻不容缓.     

Genetic polymorphisms for 11 Y-STRs haplotypes of Chinese Yi ethnic minority group

Eleven Y-STRs loci including minimal haplotypes (DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, and DYS385a,b) and two additional loci, namely DYS438 and DYS439 have been co-amplified in 100 healthy unrelated males of Chinese Yi minority ethnic group using the Y-PLEX 5 and Y-PLEX 6 kit, in order to investigate allele and haplotype frequencies of Yi population, evaluate their usefulness in forensic paternity testing and human identification, and enrich Chinese population genetic informational resources. Out of a total of 100 individuals 85 showed different haplotypes, while 8 haplotypes occurred more than once. The overall haplotype diversity for 11 Y-STRs loci was 0.9945.     

A survey of buprenorphine related deaths in Singapore

Buprenorphine is available in Singapore as substitution treatment for opioid dependence since 2002. This study surveys buprenorphine related deaths in Singapore between September 2003 and December 2004. The aims are to establish the autopsy prevalence of buprenorphine related deaths and the demographical and toxicological profile of the cases. Toxicological screening was performed for all unnatural deaths, deaths involving known drug addicts, as well as when autopsy revealed no obvious cause of death. Twenty-one cases had buprenorphine detected in post-mortem blood and/or urine samples. Eighteen were sudden deaths. There were two fatal falls from height and one death by hanging. All subjects were male. The age range was 24-48 years. Fourteen subjects were between 30 and 39 years of age. The mean age was 35 years. The majority (62%) were Chinese. Eleven (52%) were known drug abusers. For sudden deaths, two groups were identified. Six cases died from natural causes. Blood buprenorphine levels ranged from undetected (detected in urine) to 3.2 ng/mL (mean 1.4 ng/mL). Twelve cases were attributed directly and indirectly to mixed drug poisoning. Blood buprenorphine levels ranged from undetected (detected in urine) to 17 ng/mL (mean 3.2 ng/mL). Nineteen cases showed concurrent abuse of buprenorphine and benzodiazepine, diazepam being the most frequently detected, followed by nitrazepam and midazolam. The availability of buprenorphine as substitution therapy is associated with an increase in buprenorphine related deaths. The danger of co-abuse of buprenorphine and benzodiazepines is highlighted.     

Application of HLA-DRB1 genotyping by oligonucleotide micro-array technology in forensic medicine

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is known to be the most complex polymorphic system in the human genome. Among all of the HLA loci, HLA-DRB1 has the second largest number of alleles. The purpose of this study is to develop an oligonucleotide micro-array based HLA-DRB1 typing system for use in forensic identification, anthropology, tissue transplantation, and other genetic research fields. The system was developed by analyzing the HLA-DRB1 (DRB1) genotypes in 1198 unrelated healthy Chinese Han individuals originating from various parts of China and residing in Shanghai, China. METHOD: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with the oligonucleotide micro-array technology was used to detect and type HLA-DRB1 alleles of the sample individuals. The reliability, sensitivity, consistency and specificity were evaluated for use in forensic identification. Furthermore, a meta-analysis was carried out by comparing the allele frequencies of the HLA-DRB1 locus with those of other Chinese Han groups, Chinese minorities and other ethnic populations. RESULTS: All the DNA samples yielded a 273 bp amplification product, with no other amplification products in this length range. The minimum quantity of DNA detected by this method is 15 ng in a PCR reaction system of 25 microl. The population studied appeared to be not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), expected probability of exclusion (PE), polymorphic information content (PIC), and discrimination power (DP) of the HLA-DRB1 locus from the Shanghai Han ethnic group were evaluated to be 0.8022, 0.8870, 0.7741, 0.8771, 0.9750, respectively. A total of 25 HLA-DRB1 alleles were identified. HLA-DRB1*09XX, *04XX, *12XX and *15XX were the most frequent DRB1 alleles, which were observed in 58.76% of the sample. One hundred and sixteen genotypes were found. The five most frequent genotypes were: *04XX/*04XX (0.0626), *09XX/*09XX (0.0593), *04XX/*09XX (0.0551), *09XX/*15XX (0.0384) and *08XX/*12XX (0.0351). The meta-analysis showed that there were uniquely distributed features of DRB1 alleles among various ethnic populations and among the studied population groups from various regions with the same ethnic origin. CONCLUSIONS: An HLA-DRB1 genotyping system has been developed and established based on the oligonucleotide micro-array technology. The HLA-DRB1 typing of the Han population in Shanghai has revealed a relatively high heterogeneity. Information obtained in this study will be useful for medical and forensic applications as well as in anthropology research. Large-scale micro-array detection is highly accurate and reliable for DNA-based HLA-DRB1 genotyping. These results suggest that HLA-DRB1 DNA polymorphisms and the database of the Shanghai Han group have useful applications in processing forensic casework (as personal identification, paternity test), tracing population migration and genetic diagnosis.     

调侃声里自抒怀--鲁迅《自嘲》之我见

沉重的历史责任感教鲁迅对敌人横眉冷对,对人民像孺子牛一样。这种爱憎浸入到了骨髓,铸就了他的铁骨,不管是遭到当局的通缉,还是面对四面八方的明枪暗箭,他都无所畏惧,依然故我。“躲进小楼成一统”不是退却,是要在自己的阵地上运筹帷幄决胜千里;“管他冬夏与春秋”,才真正是鲁迅睥睨一切对手,不为任何势力所左右的伟大品格的自我写照。     

第四讲 外国刑法中的犯罪未遂

<正> 犯罪未遂是近现代世界刑事立法上的一项重要制度,也是刑法学犯罪论中的重要问题之一。犯罪未遂理论在资本主义时代得到了发展,它大体经历了自由资本主义时期古典学派倡导的客观主义未遂论、垄断资本主义时期社会学派所力主的主观主义未遂论以及后来的折衷主义未遂论几大学派的发展和变迁。苏联十月革命和第二次世界大战后,犯罪未遂制度也先后在各社会主义国家刑事立法上逐步得到确立、发展和完善,犯罪未遂理论也是社会主义刑法学说中的重要课题之一。     

小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中iNOS和eNOS表达的免疫组织化学研究

目的观察小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中,iNOS和eNOS在损伤区及损伤周边区内的表达及其变化规律。方法小鼠背部制作全层切创,应用免疫组织化学技术观察伤后切创组织中iNOS和eNOS的表达,并和无切创的小鼠作为对照。结果损伤区及损伤周边区细胞,伤后3h的损伤皮肤组织中可见少量的多型核细胞表达iNOS和eNOS,伤后6～24h,大部分浸润的中性粒细胞和单核细胞为iNOS和eNOS阳性。随着时间的延长,iNOS和eNOS阳性细胞以单核细胞和成纤维细胞为主。伤后3hiNOS的阳性细胞比率较低,6h～1d持续性增加并于1d达到最高峰,3～7d维持在一个相对稳定的水平直至伤后10d再次达高峰,10～14d开始下降。eNOS的阳性细胞率在伤后1～3h表达较低,6h～3d持续性增高,并在3d达到最高峰,在其后的5d内保持稳定表达,之后开始下降。而且损伤区及损伤周边区、特别是肉芽组织内的新生血管可见iNOS和eNOS不同强度的表达。结论小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中,iNOS和eNOS在损伤周边区内多型核细胞、单核细胞和成纤维细胞中表达,其时序性变化可望用于皮肤损伤时间的推断。     

应用DNA3’末端转移推测死亡时间

目的根据机体死后组织细胞DNA降解规律,研究其与死亡时间之间的关系.方法SD大鼠处死后,在不同死亡时间段取肝、肾、脾组织提取DNA.根据DNA3′末端转移的方法(TdT法)将dUTP结合到DNA的3′末端,检测反应剩余的dUTP量,从而推测机体死后不同时间段DNA的降解情况.结果经对剩余dUTP检测发现,dUTP的剩余量随死亡时间延长而减少,说明DNA降解与死亡时间存在一定的关系.结论根据机体死后DNA降解规律可用于早期死亡时间的推测.     

地理标识的延伸保护探析

地理标识是具有系列不同保护概念的一种知识产权.与WIPO管理下的有关协定相比,WTO/TRIPs协定对地理标识的保护具有一定的历史进步性,但仍存在一定的缺陷.除葡萄酒和烈酒外,其他产品的地理标识容易被误用.延伸保护是WTO多哈回合重要议题之一,"新"旧"两个世界围绕这个问题在继续争论.延伸保护将鼓励更高质量的产品走向世界市场,这不仅有益于各国合法的生产者和制造者,且有益于消费者.     

中国农村社区矫正的困惑——以枫桥为例

枫桥作为中国农村第一个社区矫正试点地区,自有其充分的理由.但在实践中不可避免的面临一些基本的问题法律依据缺失,矫正对象范围失当,矫正经费不足,矫正人员数量不足,专业化程度不够,矫正方法单一,社会保障与社会团体薄弱.