论同官僚主义作斗争

我们只有揭露了社会主义社会条件下官僚主义的实质,我们才能利用加强从下面对它进行监督的有效手段与之作斗争。但是,这些方式是怎样的呢? 为了回答这个问题,应该揭露出官僚主义在我们社会中的根源。首先应该分析与经济体制不完善(它对国家的社会生产效率发生了消极影响)相适应的经济根源。苏共中央四月全会(1985年)和最近的一些全会,党的二十七大和米·谢·戈尔巴乔夫以及苏共党的其他活动家的一些讲话都相当原则地谈到了这个问题。     

柬埔寨华人人口概况

现代的柬埔寨缺乏各方面的可靠统计数字。部分由于它是一个保护国而不是一个殖民地,部分由于法国把它视为其印度支那殖民帝国中一个经济上不重要的腹地,因此,柬埔寨不象交趾支那或东京那样受到重视而有确切的统计。在一九二一年人口调查以前,并没有少数民族人口地区的单独估计数字。因此,在一八九二至九四年这一短暂期间出版的《柬埔寨年鉴》所提供的这种数字跟所有的“亚洲外侨”列为一起。只有在一九四九     

长期吸入甲苯者的尿液中的邻甲酚作为吸入甲苯指示物的可能性

<正> 在日本,一般用于检验露暴在甲苯气体中的产业工人和长期吸入甲苯者的方法是以尿液中的马尿酸排泄物或呼出气体中的甲苯为根据的。然而,这些方法很不专一,而且不能给出一个令人满意的吸入甲苯近似值。吸入的甲苯少量以邻甲酸的形式从尿中排泄出来。本文讨论了以长期吸入甲苯者的尿液     

工农联盟·民主

工农联盟在资产阶级民主革命、人民民主革命和社会主义革命中,在民族解放运动中,在社会主义和共产主义建设中,以根本利益一致为前提的两大劳动阶级的阶级合作形式。在社会主义国家,工农联盟是建立在国家和社会制度基础上的。工农联盟必要性的思想、是在推翻资产阶级国家的斗争中马克思、恩格斯首先提出的。他们认为,工人阶级只有建立起同广大劳动群众,首先是农民的联盟,并率领他们进行革命解放斗争,才能够完成自己的历史使命。农民“把负有推翻资产阶级制度使命的城市无产阶级看做自己的天然同盟者和领导者”(《马克思恩格斯选集》中文版第1卷第697页)。如果工人阶级得到农民的援助,那么“无产阶级革命就会得到一种合唱。若没有这种合唱,它在一切农民国度中的独唱是不免要变成孤鸿哀鸣的”(同上第699页)。列宁在帝国主义和无产阶     

Advisory committees at FDA: the Hinchey Amendment and "conflict of interest" waivers

In approving the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Fiscal Year 2007 budget, the House approved an amendment that would prevent the agency from using appropriated funds to waive certain conflicts of interest identified by members of its advisory committees. The amendment, introduced by Representative Hinchey and known as the Hinchey Amendment, provides that no funds may be used to: waive a conflict of interest under Section 505(n)(4) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) for any voting member of an FDA advisory committee or panel; or make a certification under Section 208(b)(3) of Title 18 of the U.S. Code for any such voting member. This creates a problem, as ties to industry create the very expertise that FDA values in its outside advisors-under the Hinchey Amendment, these very ties would prevent them from serving as advisors to FDA during the drug approval process. The author opposes this change in the law and argues that the Hinchey Amendment would undermine congressional efforts in 1962 and 1989 to carefully balance the goals of attracting qualified experts and protecting agency decisionmaking. Further, the author argues, this change is unnecessary at FDA, because experts on FDA advisory committees divulge their connections to the industry, because the committees offer only advice and do not make agency decisions, and because the agency is under the watchful eye of Congress, the public, and public interest groups. The Article concludes that although FDA's advisory committee conflict-of-interest process can be improved, congressional action is unnecessary, and a change in the law through amendment to an appropriations bill that does not go through the ordinary legislative process (as an amendment to the FDCA or Title 18 would) is inappropriate. Instead, recommendations from organizations studying FDA practice, such as the OIG, GAO, and IOM, should be used to carefully and reflectively amend the process at the agency level, within the existing statutory framework.     

Messenger RNA profiling: a novel method for body fluid identification by real-time PCR

Conventional methods for the identification of different body fluids like blood, semen and saliva from biological stains involve immunological or enzymatic detection of certain proteins. In this study, we investigated potential RNA markers with the aim of developing Real-Time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods to allow differentiation between several body fluids. Total RNA samples from artificially stained swabs and from various pieces of evidence from case work were extracted, amplified and analyzed with several RNA markers. Three assays detecting the body fluids of interest were selected: hemoglobin-alpha locus 1 (HBA), kallikrein 3 (KLK) and mucin 4 (MUC). With this approach, we demonstrate that specific Real-Time PCR assays are useful in identifying the source of the biological stain. Furthermore, RNA profiling of various body fluids was even possible on samples stored over a long period of time at ambient temperature. The stability and sensitivity of the applied method outlines a novel application for Real-Time PCR within the forensic field.     

英国汽车在柬埔寨的市塲上很有销路

1962年间,柬埔寨从英国进口的貨值达1亿零9百万瑞爾(柬元,下同),占柬埔寨进口总值的3.2％,此1961年英国所取得的成就(4.5％)減少甚多。泰晤士·商人牌(Thames Trader)卡車和馬塞·弗古逊牌(Massey Fergusson)拖拉机佔車辆进口值的4,150万瑞爾。 泰晤士牌卡車在当地市場上很暢銷,因为它每辆的售价(包括征稅)才20万瑞爾,而美国卡車的售价是26万瑞爾。侭管和柬埔寨签訂了貿易協定的社会主义国家有意在这方面进行竞爭,但无法和英国的泰晤士·商人牌卡車相对抗。     

日本是柬埔寨的主要供应者

1962年日本成功地挤掉了法国作为柬埔寨主要供货国的地位。并且成为对这个有500万居民的国家提供相当份量技术和财政援助以帮助它发展的第一个亚洲国家。值得注意的是:柬埔寨是受到第二次世界大战损害而自愿放弃日本理应负担的战争赔偿的少数国家之一。