现代经济中的市场关系——浅谈市场及其在经济生活中的作用

随着社会生活的发展与前进,在20世纪存在着两种实质上不同方式的经济生活,其中之一是集体所有制经济,或叫中央计划管理经济,而另一种则是市场经济.在某些时候,或在通常情况下,人们常常把那些进行商品交易,或从事商品买卖活动的固定场所称为市场.但是,在这里我们所确定的市场概念是,商品与金钱相互兑换的领域,也就是商品买卖的场所,同时还有下述含意,就是商品生产者与商品消费者在某个地区、某个国家或者是整个世界范围内的相互作用的商品交换关系.实践证明,市场经济能够有效地推动社会经济发展与社会进步.但是,市场经济本身也存在着一系列问题,比如说,社会应该生产什么样的商品,生产的数量是多少,商品质量如何,应满足     

中世纪的越南与柬埔寨:比较评论

这篇文章发表于英文《东南亚研究》1984年15卷2号,作者对中世纪越南与柬埔寨在思想、政治、社会等方面的异同问题作了扼要的比较评论,对我们了解外国学者的观点有一定帮助。谨译出以供参考。     

东南亚的军事力量对比

今年是第二次世界大战结束的四十个年头,地球上已经四十年没有发生世界大战了。但是,地区性战争并没有随着世界战争的结束而终止,从1945年到1980年,世界上共发生地区性战争430次,死亡人数多达3,000万人。引人注目的是,上述战争几乎全都发生在第三世界国家中,而东南亚也是一直发生着这种战争的地区之一。     

建立菲律宾发展中经济模型

一、引言人们由于认识到应用宏观经济模型的重要性,多年来一直进行着各种尝试来建立发展中经济模型。有些发展中经济模型产生于这样的假设:发展中经济的主要特点是供应紧缺。生产落后被公认为发展中国家的主要特征。而且,这些国家还存在着总需求不足的问题,它们的生产能力普遍利用不足可以说明这一点。但是供应定向型模型并不考虑     

苏联在第三世界(摘译)

这是一篇对苏联在第三世界的现实政策和未来动向的评论文章。它认为,苏联对第三世界的侵入和渗透是其一贯立场的必然结果;苏联对第三世界的大量援助是以自己的利益为目的的,是一种“掺假的外援”。接着,文章进一步分析了苏联在第三世界的动向——     

人的自我发展

发展就是越来越高的心理要求不断得到满足的过程。用马斯洛的话来说:"从人的天性中可以看出,人类总是不断地寻求一个更加充实的自我,追求更加完美的自我实现。从自然科学意义上说,这与一粒橡树迫切地希望长成橡树是相同的。"有一个现象很好地证明了这一点:有了心理发展才会心理健康;那些在心理上没能跟上生理成长的人,往往会呈现出心理和生理的病态来。     

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): what we have learned and what we still have not found out

This article discusses the biomedical and the social constructionist models applied to response to trauma, presents the prevalence and the etiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and describes its biological and psychological correlates in children and adults. It concludes that future research might benefit from investigating factors that may protect people who have been exposed to an event likely to be traumatic from presenting with PTSD symptoms, and factors that may affect the longitudinal course of PTSD and treatment effectiveness.     

Typeability of AmpFlSTR SGM Plus loci in brain and thyroid gland tissue samples incubated in different environments

Autolysis and putrefaction are crucial factors responsible for degradation of cells, tissues, and organs. Postmortem changes may assume different course depending on extrinsic and intrinsic conditions. The aim of the study was assessment of environmental effect on typeability of AmpFlSTR SGM Plus loci: D3S1358, VWA, D16S539, D2S1338, D81179, D21S11, D18S51, D19S433, TH01, FGA, and gender marker amelogenin. Brain and thyroid gland tissue specimens collected during autopsies of five persons aged 20-30 years were incubated at 21 degrees C and 4 degrees C in different environmental conditions. DNA was extracted by organic method from tissue samples collected in 7-day intervals and subsequently typed using AmpFlSTR SGM Plus kit and ABI 310. A fast decrease in typeability rate was seen in specimens incubated in peat soil and in sand. Brain tissue samples were typeable in all AmpFlSTR SGM Plus loci within 126 days of incubation at 4 degrees C. Faster DNA degradation was recorded in thyroid gland specimens. In samples with negative genotyping results, no DNA was found by fluorometric quantitiation.     

Exploring the literature on relationships between gender roles, intimate partner violence, occupational status, and organizational benefits

Studies of intimate partner violence (IPV) and work have been primarily conducted with women in low-wage low-status (LWLS) positions, as much of this research has focused on poverty, welfare, and homelessness. Although women in LWLS positions represent a large percentage of working women in the United States, it is also important to investigate experiences of women in high-wage high-status (HWHS) positions because a growing number of women are employed within such jobs. We propose gender role theory can be used to explain occurrences of IPV among women in HWHS positions and their utilization of organizational benefits. We suggest those in HWHS positions may be likely to have access to organizational benefits (e.g., medical, vacation, and flexible work schedules) and the ability to utilize the Family and Medical Leave Act. However, prevailing gender roles existing in organizations may render women in HWHS positions unlikely to use benefits or to take leave.