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Shanhe Jiang Eric G. Lambert Toyoji Saito Joseph Hara 《Asian Journal of Criminology》2012,7(2):137-152
Both formal and informal crime controls are used to deter individuals from engaging in criminal behavior in many societies, including Japan. This study used survey data from a convenience sample of 267 Japanese college students to examine the importance of formal and informal crime control. In general, there were higher levels of support for informal methods of crime control than formal methods. Respondents felt that fear of being rejected by family, neighbors, and peers was a stronger deterrent to crime than fear of being punished by the law. The respondents ranked family the most important mechanism in crime prevention, followed by peers, police, schools, neighborhoods, correction facilities, and courts. There was also a fair amount of support for blended formal and informal crime control methods. Mobility (i.e., the number of times the respondent had moved in his/her life) and age were positively associated with the belief that formal crime control deterred crime. The population size of the town where the respondent grew up was negatively associated with support for formal crime control. Students who grew up in larger urban areas tended to rate formal control higher than those who grew up in a small town or the countryside. 相似文献
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Total Ion Spectra versus Segmented Total Ion Spectra as Preprocessing Tools for Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry Data
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Lawrence A. Adutwum Ph.D. Robin J. Abel MSc. James Harynuk Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2018,63(4):1059-1068
Alignment of fire debris data from GC‐MS for chemometric analysis is challenged by highly variable, uncontrolled sample and matrix composition. The total ion spectrum (TIS) obviates the need for alignment but loses all separation information. We introduce the segmented total ion spectrum (STIS), which retains the advantages of TIS while retaining some retention information. We compare the performance of STIS with TIS for the classification of casework fire debris samples. TIS and STIS achieve good model prediction accuracies of 96% and 98%, respectively. Baseline removal improved model prediction accuracies for both TIS and STIS to 97% and 99%, respectively. The importance of maintaining some chromatographic information to aid in deciphering the underlying chemistry of the results and reasons for false positive/negative results was also examined. 相似文献
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Minako Oshima Tokuji Inoue Mitsuwo Hara 《Forensic Science International Supplement Series》1982,20(3)
A method for the discrimination of human hemoglobin from animal sources is described. Hemoglobins from 34 species with and without treatment by p-chloromercuri-benzoate (PCMB) were examined by thin-layer isoelectric focusing (IEF) in polyacrylamide gel (PAG) plates containing an Ampholine gradient of pH 3.5 – 9.5. PCMB treatment was effective in distinguishing human and animal hemoglobins with their characteristic IEF patterns. Values for the isoelectric points of the major and minor hemoglobins of each species are also described. 相似文献
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Several methodological difficulties emerge from the empirical evaluation of the impact of closeness on turnout. The most critical resides in the use of the actual electoral results to assess the impact of closeness. Important doubt therefore remains with respect to the empirical validity of the relationship between turnout and closeness. This article intends to explore this ambiguity by an econometric analysis of the two-round French legislative elections. The first ballot gives excellent information to the voters on the expected closeness of the upcoming second ballot. The results show that closeness, whatever its measure, has an important and meaningful impact on electoral participation. 相似文献
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