Hong Kong redux

There are surprises ahead for both Hong Kong and the China of which it will become a part. This article focuses on how the reversion of Hong Kong will affect the future of politics in both societies. Even though rule by Beijing will change Hong Kong's commercial and political life, China will also be changed by having to deal with the emerging elite of Hong Kong and those persons from the mainland who have been educated in the West. This will not produce democracy in either Hong Kong or China but it will reduce the likelihood that China will become a hegemonic power in East Asia.     

Beschränkungen landwirtschaftlicher Nutzungen durch die Festsetzung von Wasserschutzgebieten

Das zum Schutz der Lebensgrundlage „Wasser“ sehr wichtige Instrument der Festsetzung von Wasserschutzgebieten führt in der Praxis h?ufig zu Konfliktsituationen, die aus unterschiedlichen Interessenlagen herrühren: Auf der einen Seite steht das Interesse der Allgemeinheit an einer gesicherten Trinkwasserversorgung, auf der anderen Seite das der betroffenen Grundstückseigentümer an einer m?glichst uneingeschr?nkten Bodennutzung. Da sich Siedlungs- und Verkehrsfl?chen nicht für Grundwassergewinnungsgebiete eignen, liegen die für die Grundwassergewinnung geeigneten Einzugsgebiete fast ausschlie?lich unter land- und forstwirtschaftlich genutzten Fl?chen, so dass durch die Festsetzung von Wasserschutzgebieten vor allem land- und forstwirtschaftliche Nutzungen Beschr?nkungen erfahren. Aufgabe der Wasserbeh?rden ist es, für einen bestm?glichen Trinkwasserschutz zu sorgen und durch Schutzzonenbildungen mit entsprechenden Abstufungen die Beschr?nkungen landwirtschaftlicher Nutzungen so gering wie m?glich zu halten.     

Tax and Spending Limits in Colorado

In 1992, Colorado voters approved the Taxpayers Bill of Rights (TABOR), which severely limits the growth of revenues and spending by state and local governments. TABOR was layered over two earlier revenue-restricting measures. Throughout the 1990s, the state enjoyed a robust economy and the effects of these restrictions were largely masked. However, government funding for several basic services in Colorado was rapidly slipping. When Colorado went into recession, the effects of these restrictions were fully felt for the first time, but neither the governor, legislature, nor policy nonprofits have been able to find a way out of the budget bind.     

Indicators and policy formation

Abstract. This paper discusses aspects of recent research into the role of indicators in public-policy formation. The first section briefly reviews social-indicator research in terms of its objectives and techniques. Three broad objectives are identified: (1) monitoring the general state of the community; (2) measuring the quality of life; and (3) measuring the outputs of non-market services supplied by governments. Similarly three research techniques are discussed: (1) collecting and organizing social statistics; (2) modifying existing economic accounts; and (3) modelling specific social processes at a micro level. The second section proposes criteria that policy-useful indicators should meet. The most important of these are relevance to individual welfare, disaggregation for purposes of distribution, and reference to public goals rather than poky instruments. The final section of the paper raises two important problems involved in employing indicators for public-sector management. The first is that indicators in themselves do not provide information as to the optimal level of government action in any particular area. The second involves the policy process directly and the way in which indicators come to be used for policy purposes. One possibility is that the available data dictate the choice. Another is that indicators emerge which coincide with the outlook, interests, and commitments of those involved in the policy process. Indicators are non-neutral in that they point towards a particular policy response, make past policies appear more or less successful, and direct public discussion. Examples are provided to illustrate the points raised in the third section. Sommaire. L'auteur de cet exposé considère certains aspects de la recherche récente sur les indicateurs dans l'élaboration de la politique publique, ainsi que sur le rôle qu'ils ont joué. Dans la première partie il passe rapidement en revue la recherche sur les indicateurs sociaux du point de vue de ses objectifs et des techniques utilisées. L'auteur dégage trois objectifs généraux: (1) le contrôle de l'état général de la communauté; (2) la mesure de la qualité de l'existence; et (3) la mesure des apports des services hors-marché fournis par les gouvernements. Il examine également trois techniques de recherche: (1) l'obtention et l'organisation des statistiques sociales; (2) la modification des comptes économiques existants; et (3) l'élaboration des processus sociaux déterminés à un micro-niveau. La deuxième partie propose des critères auxquels doivent se conformer les indicateurs servant àélaborer des politiques. Les plus importants dentre eux sont leur pertinence pour le bien-être individuel, leur désagrégation aux fins de distribution et leur rapport avec les buts nationaux plutôt qu'avec les instruments de la politique. La dernière partie de la communication soulève deux problèmes importants concernant l'emploi d'indicateurs dans la gestion du secteur public. Le premier, c'est que les indicateurs, comme tels, n'indiquent pas le niveau optimal d'action gouvernementale dans un domaine particulier. Le deuxième concerne directement le processus d'éaboration des politiques et les façons d'utiliser les indicateurs à cette fin. Il y a la possibilité que le choix soit dicté par les données existantes. Il se peut aussi que l'orientation suggérée par les indicateurs coïncide avec le point de vue, les intérêts et les engagements de ceux qui participent à la détermination des politiques. Les indicateurs ne sont pas neutres, en ce sens qu'ils suggérent une politique particulière, qu'ils donnent aux anciennes politiques l'apparence d'avoir plus ou moins bien réussi et qu'ils orientent les débats publics. La troisième partie illustre ces différents arguments par des exemples.     

Book reviews

Jan Marczewski, Crisis in Socialist Planning. Eastern Europe and the USSR. Translated from the French by Noel Lindsay. (Praeger Special Studies in International Economics and Development.) New York: Praeger Publishers and London: Pall Mall Press, 1974. xvii+245 pp. £8.00.

Alec Nove, Stalinism and After. London: Allen & Unwin, 1975. 205pp. £4.74, or £2.35 (paperback).

John Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad. Volume 1 of Stalin's War with Germany. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1975. x+594 pp. £12.00.

Henry W. Morton and Rudolf L. Tökés (eds.), Soviet Politics and Society in the 1970s. New York: The Free Press and London: Collier Macmillan Publishers, 1974. xxvi+401 pp. £6.50.

Dodd L. Harvey and Linda C. Ciccoritti, U.S.‐Soviet Cooperation in Space. Coral Gables, Fla: Center for Advanced International Studies, University of Miami, 1974. xxxiii+382 pp. Paperback.

T. Dixon Long and Christopher Wright (eds.), Science Policies of Industrial Nations: Case Studies of the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France, Japan and Sweden. Praeger Special Studies in International Politics and Government. New York: Praeger, 1975. xiii+232 pp.

Roy E. H. Mellor, Eastern Europe: A Geography of the Comecon Countries. London: Macmillan Press, 1975. x+358 pp. £7.50 or £3.95 (Paperback).

Bogdan Mieczkowski, Personal and Social Consumption in Eastern Europe: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and East Germany. Praeger Special Studies in International Economics and Development. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1975. xxiv+342 pp. $21.50.

Gerhard Wettig, Community and Conflict in the Socialist Camp: The Soviet Union, East Germany and the German Problem 1965–1972. Translated by Edwina Moreton and Hannes Adomeit. London: C. Hurst, 1975. xiv+161 pp. £6.30.

Kurt Sontheimer and Wilhelm Bleek, The Government and Politics of East Germany. Translated by Ursula Price. London: Hutchinson University Library, 1975. 205 pp.

Allen H. Barton, Bogdan Denitch and Charles Kadushin (eds.), Opinion‐Making Elites in Yugoslavia. Praeger Special Studies in International Politics and Government. New York: Praeger and London: Pall Mall Press, 1973. xxii+344 pp. £7.75.

Sharon Zukin, Beyond Marx and Tito. Theory and Practice in Yugoslav Socialism. London: Cambridge UP, 1975. x+302 pp. £7.50.

Ervin Pamlényi (ed.), A History of Hungary. Wellingborough: Collet's, 1975. (Published in Hungary, edited under the auspices of the Historical Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.) 676 pp. £4.95.

Peter J. Potichnyj (ed.), Ukraine in the Seventies. (Papers and Proceedings of the McMaster Conference on Contemporary Ukraine, October 1974.) Oakville, Ontario: Mosaic Press, 1975. 355 pp. $12.95 or $6.95 (paperback).

Leon Trotsky, The Challenge of the Left Opposition (1923–25). Edited and with an introduction by Naomi Allen. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1975. 428 pp. $15.00. $3.95 or £1.65 (paperback).

Frank Haller, Sozialistische Akkumulations‐ und Wachstumstheorie. Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie des Sozialismus in der DDR. Berlin: Osteuropa‐Institut an der Freien Universität Berlin, 1974. In Kommission bei Verlag Duncker & Humblot, Berlin. 192 pp. DM 62.     

Reviews

Christel Lane, Christian Religion in the Soviet Union: A Sociological Study. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1978. 256 pp. £10.00.

R. Amann, J. M. Cooper, R. W. Davies (eds.), The Technological Level of Soviet Industry. New Haven, Conn, and London: Yale University Press, 1977. xxxii +575 pp. £20.00.

M. M. Kostecki, East‐West Trade and the GATT System. London: Macmillan, for the Trade Policy Research Centre, 1979. xviii + 157 pp. £12.00.

Josef C. Brada and V. S. Somanath (eds.), East‐West Trade: Theory and Evidence. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University International Development Institute, 1978. xi + 178 pp. $10.00. No index.

Jeremy R. Azrael (ed.), Soviet Nationality Policies and Practices. New York: Praeger Publishers (Praeger Special Studies), 1978. xi + 393 pp.

Robert G. Wesson, Communism and Communist Systems. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice‐Hall, 1978. x + 227 pp.

Adam Bromke and Derry Novak (eds.), The Communist States in the Era of Detente, 1971–1977. Oakville, Ontario: Mosaic Press, 1978. 306 pp. $7.95.

Jaroslav Krejci, Social Structure in Divided Germany. London: Croom Helm, 1976. 262 pp. £7.95.

Miklós Molnár, A Short History of the Hungarian Communist Party. Boulder, Colorado & Folkestone: Westview, Dawson, 1978, 168 pp. £9.00.

Robert N. North, Transport in Western Siberia: Tsarist and Soviet Development. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press and The Centre for Transportation Studies, 1979. viii + 364 pp. $22.00.     

New York City's approach to problem-employee counseling

Employee problems such as alcohol and drugs (and the emotional turmoil that leads to them) continue to slow productivity and increase turnover. For nine years, New York City has been an innovator in this area of personnel concern, abandoning the traditional warn-and-terminate method for the centralized and cost-effective outreach program that is outlined here.