Public versus private production and economies of scale

The cost of producing the same good often differs substantially for public and private producers. We investigate the effect of organization in a case where the production technology is simple: The cleaning of Danish schools. Three forms of organization are used: Decentral municipal, central municipal or private. For small schools the organizational form has little impact on cost. For larger schools decentral municipal production is the most expensive. On average centralization reduces costs by 5%, while privatization reduces costs by 30%. Similar cost differences are reported in the literature for other cases, but it is a new result that the cost differences are due to economies of scale. Public choice theories predict that cost differences are due to ownership or competition. We find evidence that both theories help explain the cost differences.     

Benefit adequacy in state workers' compensation programs

This article summarizes several different methods used to measure the adequacy of wage replacement in state workers' compensation systems in the United States. Empirical research casts serious doubt on benefit adequacy, especially in the case of more serious disabilities.     

Local government priorities for the eighties

Abstract. What conditions of society will circumscribe the options for local government in the 1980s? An economy in transition to something quite different from that which we have known, but not yet describable; public attitudes which reflect substantially altered values from the growth and consumerism obsessions of the fifties and sixties; financial constraints which maintain local government in a state of crisis dependency; and complex intergovernmental relations still developing institutional forms to rationalize decision-making in the public sector. Each level of government has some options, the choice among which will help determine the nature of local government in the eighties. The federal options revolve around the Ministry of State for Urban Affairs. Provincial options revolve around degrees of municipal autonomy. Municipal options are available in social planning, corporate planning, structural reform, administrative professionalism, and political organization. The recommended priority is for maximum decentralization of governmental authority and resources consistent with human and democratic values, pluralism, and a reasonable degree of economy and effectiveness. The creative interaction of citizen, politician, and administrator has its greatest potential at the local level. Sommaire. Queues seront les caractéristiques de la société qui délimiteront les options offffertes aux administrations locales pendant les années quatre-vingts? On pourrait citer les points suivants: une économie en train d'évoluer et de prendre une forme tout à fait différente de ce que nous avons connue jusqu'à présent, si différente qu'il est en fait: impossible de la décrire à ce stade; chez le public, des attitudes reflétant des valeurs se différenciant fortement des tendances d'un monde qui, pendant les années cinquante et soixante, était obsédé par la croissance et la défense du consommateur; des contraintes financières qui maintiennent les administrations locales dans un état de sujétion entretenu par une succession de crises; et des relations intergouvernementales complexes continuant encore d'élaborer des systèmes institutionnels destinés à rationaliser la prise des décisions dans le secteur public. Chaque palier de l'administration publique dispose de quelques options, et le choix qui sera fait parmi celles-ci contribuera à déterminer la nature de l'administration locale pendant les années quatre-vingts. Les options fédérales sont du ressort du Ministère d'Etat chargé des Affaires urbaines. Les options provinciales se situent aux divers niveaux où s'exerce l'autonomie municipale. Pour les municipalités, il existe des options dans les domaines de la planification sociale, de la planification des entreprises commerciales, de la réforme des structures, du maintien d'un niveau élevé de compétences professionnelles dans l'administration, et de l'organisation politique. La priorité recommandée consiste à décentraliser au maximum l'autorité et les ressources gouvernementales tout en cherchant à preserver les valeurs humaines et démocratiques, le pluralisme et, dans une mesure raisonnable, la rentabilité et l'efficacité. L'interaction novatrice entre le citoyen, l'homme politique et l'admmistrateur est potentiellement des plus élevée au niveau local.     

Formal rationality,substantive justice,and discrimination

This study examines the extent to which a juvenile court uses legal, substantive, and discriminatory criteria in assessing dispositions. The indicators of legal criteria are the seriousness of offense and the extent of prior arrest record, of substantive criteria, the presence of family and school problems, and of discriminatory criteria, race and social class. An examination of the dispositions accorded to a sample of 464 fourteen and fifteen year old arrestees in one juvenile court shows that, while discrimination in sentencing is minimal, the court is more likely to use substantive than formal criteria of decisionmaking. These findings suggest that studies of the juvenile court should be reoriented away from their traditional focus on legal and extralegal determinants of decision making toward a focus on substantive criteria.This study was supported by Ford Foundation under grant no. 73-96. We are grateful to Jackson Toby, principal investigator, for his aid in all phases of this study. William Smith and Antonia Steegen provided invaluable research assistance. This is a thoroughly revised version of a paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, November, 1977.     

Metal Railing Fences and Accidental Death

Two cases of accidental deaths caused by the sharp ends of fence or gate posts are reported. Case 1: A 47‐year‐old man was found hanging by his ankle in an inverted position on fencing. He had attempted a shortcut to a railway platform by climbing over a metal rail fence. He had slipped and been impaled through his ankle by the sharp end of the fence post, resulting in death from positional asphyxia. Case 2: An 18‐year‐old male slipped while climbing over a gate and died after being impaled on a spear tip finial, which had lacerated his external iliac vein. Death was due to exsanguination. These cases demonstrate two rare examples of accidental deaths from impalement by the ends of sharp fence posts. Mechanisms of death in such circumstances involve suspension with positional asphyxia and vascular injury with exsanguination.     

Racial Disproportionality in U.S. State Prisons: Accounting for the Effects of Racial and Ethnic Differences in Criminal Involvement,Arrests, Sentencing,and Time Served

Objectives

An important indicator of discrimination in the criminal justice system is the degree to which race differences in arrest account for racial disproportionality in prisons (“accountability”). A recent National Academy of Sciences (NAS) study raised concerns by reporting low and declining estimates of accountability. Our improved measure accounts for unreported Hispanic arrestees. We measure accountability at intermediate stages, including commitments to prison and time served. We also use victim reports to extend accountability from arrest to differential involvement in violent crimes.

Methods

Our methods utilize information on self-reported racial identity of Hispanic prisoners to provide more accurate comparison with the race of arrestees. We also assess accountability for 42 individual states and 4 regions.

Results

Our national estimate of accountability is close to previous estimates and much higher than those in the NAS report. Accountability is high for the serious violent crimes of murder and rape, and low for drug trafficking, drug possession, weapons, and aggravated assault, which involve more discretion in arrest, labeling and charging.

Conclusions

Our more accurate accountability results contradict the NAS report of low and declining accountability. Regional accountability estimates show no consistently stronger or weaker region. We also show a corrected national estimate of the ratio of black-to-white incarceration-rates has dropped from 6.8 in 1990 to 4.7 in 2011, an important correction to concerns of increasing discrimination. Reports of offenders’ race by victims and arrestees’ race are found to be close, supporting use of arrest as an indicator of involvement in violent crimes.

     

Learning from Experience? Ottawa as a Cautionary Tale of Reforming Urban Government

This article examines the saga of local government restructuring in Canada's capital city. Specifically, it analyzes the interplay between provincial and local agendas for local government reform over many years, which culminated in provincial legislation and a one-year transition process to establish one municipality for the Ottawa city region. In doing so, the article addresses the extent to which the Ottawa transition demonstrates learning from other major urban restructuring efforts and the extent to which the Ottawa case provides new insights for future local government reform efforts. Key conclusions are that the key motivation for provincially initiated reform—cost saving through simplification of the local government structure in Ottawa—does not fully coincide with local needs and interests. Furthermore, the promise of financial savings has proven difficult to realize as a result of the local politics surrounding existing municipal debt and unresolved human resource management costs. Instead, future benefits from the amalgamation may lie in improved capacity to manage physical development, environmental sustainability, and cultural diversity.