法国的监狱

<正> 法国巴黎大学让·菲瓦尔是研究监禁制度的专家、评论员,他在1981年写了一本题为《监狱的迷宫》书籍,专门研究监狱制度、囚犯、监督人、司法权及他们的相互关系。书中有监狱组织和活动信息的综合材料。作者试图回答当今刑事惩罚、剥夺自由的前景如何?该书首先研究了法国的监禁机构。作者写道,收容犯人最多的绝大多数监狱是看守所。在法国,这样的监狱总共有145个,其中94个监狱有100个位置;40个监狱有101—300个位置;6个监狱有301—500个位置;5个监狱有500多位置。1980年1月1日登记造册的35,671     

刑事侦查技术(七)

<正> 七、对盗窃公共财产和国家财产罪行的揭露和侦查局外人实施的盗窃与职务上的盗窃不同,一般是容易被失主发现的。但并非在所有情况下这类盗窃的案情都及时报告给侦查机关了。有时失主因为被窃东西价值不大而抱着\"丢了算了\"的想法,不去申报自己腰包被扒或住宅被窃的事。有些时候,例如抢劫又加强奸,受害人害怕声张出去,害怕被传唤到侦查员那里去等。在这种情况下,由于得不到及时的情报,侦缉和侦查机关就不可能对某地、某区或某个城市犯罪动态情况有正确的认识和采取必     

扩大企业和联合组织的权利

<正> 一、我国现在正实行各种完善经济机制的措施。这些措施的目的是提高社会生产效率。在完善经济机制措施的体系中,扩大企业和联合组织的权利占重要地位。这一改进社会主义的经营业务的趋向是近二十年来特有的。在1965年实行经济改革中,它表现得特别明显,当时通过了《社会主义国家生产企业条例》,扩大了企业在其活动的各个领域的经济权利。但是,后来围绕着条例出现了大量的主管部门的施行细则,这些细则在很大范围内使条例的内     

Use of styryl 11 and STaR 11 for the luminescence enhancement of cyanoacrylate-developed fingermarks in the visible and near-infrared regions

In current casework, most post-cyanoacrylate stains rely on luminescence emission in the visible region (400-700 nm). While traditional stains such as rhodamine 6G work well under most circumstances, some surfaces may generate background luminescence under the same conditions. Detection in the near-infrared region (NIR > 700 nm) has shown to be effective in minimizing the interferences from such surfaces. The laser dye styryl 11 generated strongly luminescent fingermarks when applied after cyanoacrylate fuming on all surfaces tested. When compared to rhodamine 6G, the dye was superior only when viewed in the NIR. Styryl 11 was subsequently combined with rhodamine 6G, and the mixed stain formulation (named StaR 11 by the authors) induced stronger luminescence compared with styryl 11 alone with an ability to visualize in both the visible and NIR regions. Reliable and consistent results were obtained when using either styryl 11 alone or the STaR 11 mixture. The enhancement achieved did not otherwise vary depending on the source of the fingermark secretions. With visualization possible in both the visible and NIR regions, the styryl 11/rhodamine 6G mixture showed significant potential as a post-cyanoacrylate stain.     

Significant association of TH01 allele 9.3 and SIDS

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) constitutes a considerable percentage of infant death of unknown etiology. Individual catecholamine response variation is suspected to play a role in SIDS. TH01 is a tetrameric short tandem repeat marker in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene, which regulates gene expression and catecholamine production with allele 9.3 exerting a particularly strong effect on noradrenaline production. We investigated in an age-controlled study the TH01 allele frequencies in 127 cases of SIDS and 406 control cases to assess whether in SIDS cases a distinct TH01 allele distribution could be determined as has been reported by a previous study. We found that genotypes containing one or two 9.3 alleles were significantly more frequent in SIDS patients (58.2%) than in control subjects (48.4%, p=0.038), whereas all other alleles were more frequent in the control subjects. Our findings support the notion that there exists a significant association between TH01 gene configuration and SIDS.     

Dental shape match rates in selected and orthodontically treated populations in New York State: a two-dimensional study

Forensically identifying a suspect's dentition from a bitemark in an open population requires the supposition that every person's dental alignment is different. There have been few studies that have tested this claim. Four hundred and ten lower anterior dentitions from a selected population and 110 lower anterior dentitions from one that was orthodontically treated were measured using geometric morphometric analysis, allowing comparison of arch shape. Dental match rates of 1.46% and 42.7% of individuals were found in the respective populations, given an established measurement error. Orthodontic treatment had a strong effect on match rate suggesting that treated or naturally well-aligned dentitions may be indistinguishable. Sexual dimorphism was found to be only slightly significant. Principal shape variation in both populations was degree of arch curvature. Results of studying these populations show that dental matches can occur, and that statements of certainty concerning individualization in such populations should be approached with caution.