美国公共管理中政府与非政府组织跨组织整合趋势

9.11事件之后,特别是在次贷危机后,美国公共管理发生诸多变化,美国政府由私有化管理的新公共管理思维转变为实用主义主导思维。通过在纽约、西雅图、印第安纳波利斯、华盛顿等市的实地考察,各种证据表明美国政府、企业和社会三方在社会冲突处理中的角色与功能显著增强:一方面,美国政府增强了公共管理和服务的主动性,参与公共事务的范围扩大、程度加深;另一方面加大了对NGO的支持,进一步发挥民间组织的服务功能,因而在公共管理与服务方面呈现出国民共进的综合治理发展趋势。     

Identify the injury implements by SEM/EDX and ICP-AES

The forensic investigator is frequently confronted with the discrimination and deduction of injury implements, which is one of the most important physical testimonies in courts. The usual method used in actual cases is from points of morphology. In the forensic discrimination of injury implements, such as metal implements, the analysis and comparison of elements are expected to provide excellent results, and simultaneous multi-elemental analysis is required to analyze various kinds of elements. This study was designed to establish discrimination and deduction of metal injury implements by scanning electron microscope/energy disperse X-ray microanalyzer (SEM/EDX) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Examined metal particles in five wounds made on the skin of domestic pigs, respectively, using Cu-Zn or Cr-Ni coated and carbon steel kitchen implements by EDX. For carbon steel kitchen implements, analyzed five samples from the back and blade separately in the contents and varieties of elements by ICP-AES. In the wounds by the coated implements, the special particles only containing Cu, Zn or Cr, Ni were found. In the wounds by carbon steel kitchen implements, the particles containing Fe, Cr, Si or Fe, Mn, Si were found. The differences of contents of elements between the back and blade was no significant except No. 5 for carbon steel kitchen implements, and the significant differences of elements exited in Cr, Mn, Si, Cu, Mo among the stainless kitchen knives, Mn, Si among the other kitchen implements and for the blade of No. 5 knife, relative standard deviations (R.S.D.s) were significantly different in Mn, Si, Mo, Ti, S, P, Ni. Using EDX to examine the particles in wounds can deduce the categories of metal injury implements, and we can still deduce the different implements in the same category by ICP-AES.     

10个STR基因座荧光复合扩增体系的研制

目的建立10个STR基因座荧光标记复合扩增体系,并评价其法医学应用价值。方法在北京、山西、广东汉族,辽宁满族、西藏藏族群体中调查STR基因座遗传多态性,筛选出9个具有高度多态性和法医应用价值的STR基因座及性别基因座。构建四色荧光素标记复合扩增体系,制备等位基因分型标准物,编制分析软件,并对体系的种属特异性、灵敏度、稳定性、混合样本等检测能力进行考察。结果建立的复合扩增体系遗传稳定好,累积非父排除率可达0.999 96,累积个体识别率可达0.999 999 999 999 3;与CODIS系统均不存在连锁遗传;各基因座间布局合理、无杂峰、扩增结果清晰易辨,并可实现检测分析自动化。体系种属特异性较好,灵敏度为0.1ng,稳定性好,混合样本检出范围在2∶8～8∶2之间。实际案例检材检测结果好。结论本文建立的复合扩增体系在法医学实践中有较好的应用价值。     

涉讼司法鉴定收费制度的检视与重构

我国司法鉴定机构正经历着体制性的变革,司法鉴定事务的逐步立法规范,新的运作方式使现在的鉴定机构已成为市场主体,鉴定人也成为从鉴定费中获取收益的个体。过高的鉴定费用成为公民运用法律保护其合法权益的瓶颈,因而对鉴定费规制问题必须引起足够的重视。我国鉴定费问题突出表现在收费法律依据、收费标准、收费管理以及司法鉴定法律援助几个方面。鉴定费的收取制度应沿此问题的解决路径出发进行建构,其实质是公民诉权的保障和合法权益的维护。     

Research status and prospects of DNA test on difficult specimens

This paper reviews the advances of DNA detection on three types of difficult biological specimens including degraded samples, trace evidences and mixed samples. The source of different samples, processing methods and announcements were analyzed. New methods such as mitochondrial test system, changing the original experimental conditions, low-volume PCR amplification and new technologies such as whole genome amplification techniques, laser capture micro-dissection, and mini-STR technology in recent years are introduced.     

商标权的保护研究

新商标法的实施,对加强商标管理发挥了巨大作用,但其立法的缺漏和理论上的争议依然存在,表现在商标侵权的归责原则,商标淡化,权利穷竭,平行进口等方面,对此问题进行剖析以期立法进一步完善。     

美国、英国和中国的法律教育制度比较

<正> 美国哈佛大学法学院东亚法律研究所是法学界百花齐放、百家争鸣的好场所,是法学上学术交流的良好阵地。全世界的访问学者聚集一堂,不分民族、种族,不分宗教和政治信仰,不分国界,彼此畅所欲言,交流各自的法律教育制度和介绍自己在法律教育上的经验以及探讨在法学上悬而未决的问题,从而大开了彼此的眼界,收益不小。     

试论涉法信访的特点、成因及对策

涉法信访问题已经成为当前影响社会稳定的不安定因素之一。如何解决涉法信访问题,文章认为必须在分析其特点及形成原因的基础之上,去探求处理涉法信访的有效对策。     

边框特征在印章印文检验中的应用

本文通过对印章边框特征的产生原理及其种类的分析与研究,阐述了印章边框特征的反映性、特定性及稳定性,提出了应用边框特征检验印章印文真伪的基本方法。     

Individualization of tiger by using microsatellites

In investigating criminal cases of poaching and smuggling involving tigers (Panthera tigris), the number of tiger individuals involved is critical for determining the penalty. Morphological methodologies do not often work because tiger parts do not possess the distinctive characteristics of the individual. Microsatellite DNAs have been proved a reliable marker for the individualization of animals. Seven microsatellite loci derived from domestic cat (Felis catus) were selected to individualize tigers, namely F41, F42, F146, Fca304, Fca391, Fca441 and Fca453. A reference population containing 37 unrelated tigers were used to investigate alleles, allelic frequencies, genotypes and genotype frequencies of each locus. Consequently, the data was used to assess the validity of the combination of seven loci for tiger individualization. All loci were polymorphic and easy to amplify. Three out of the seven loci were significantly departure from the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (P < 0.05). Cumulative discrimination power (DP) calculated with observed genotype frequencies was 0.99999789. Match probability of an individual in the reference population with a random individual in seven loci ranged from 7.34 x 10(-9) to 2.77 x 10(-5). This suggests that combining the seven microsatellite loci provides desirable power to individualize tigers. The combination of seven loci was applied to a case of tiger bone smuggling. Genotypes of all samples were identical in all seven loci, and the P(M) of the evidence samples in the seven loci hit 5.63 x 10(-7), provided evidence that the bones belong to a single tiger.