关于开展法哲学研究的几个重要问题

文章阐述了法哲学研究的意义,概述了近20年来我国在该领域的主要成果和不足,提出了为构建中国当代法哲学有可供选择的三种研究方式,论述了并应处理好诸如指导思想与理论内容、传统与现实、国际化与本土化等的关系。     

无罪推定原则的确立与口供制度的完善

无罪推定是被追诉者的一项基本权利,也是被追诉者各项诉讼权利的基础。在刑事诉讼中将无罪推定确立为指导刑事诉讼活动的基本准则,就是无罪推定原则。我国应当在刑事诉讼中彻底确立无罪推定原则。无罪推定及其引申的主要内容应当分为三个层次:证明责任、被追诉者的权利和对被追诉者的权利的保障。由于无罪推定假定被追诉者无罪,对控诉的举证责任应由控方承担,被追诉者不承担无罪的举证责任,所以,被追诉者就没有理由配合控方提供自己犯罪的证据,包括口供。我国刑事诉讼法关于"犯罪嫌疑人对侦查人员的提问,应当如实回答"的规定,违背了无罪推定关于被追诉者不应当承担举证或证明责任的基本精神,使得被追诉者负有帮助侦控方履行举证和证明的义务。这一规定实质上表明我国刑诉法要求被追诉者承担举证或证明责任。因此,从无罪推定的这一层面上说"应当如实回答"是不合理的,应当予以取消。     

几种新型手枪射击弹壳上痕迹特征浅析

为了适应新形势下枪弹检验工作的需要,我中心枪弹处于1997、1998年分别购置了一批新型枪支.其中有13种配用9mm×19mm巴拉贝鲁姆手枪弹的新型手枪,它们分别是213型9毫米手枪、213A型9毫米手枪、七七B型9毫米手枪、七七B2型9毫米手枪、NP20型9毫米手枪、NP22型9毫米手枪、NP28型9毫米手枪、NP38型9毫米手枪、201C型9毫米手枪和NZ75型9毫米手枪.为了让更多的同行了解这13种新型手枪发射子弹的弹壳上的主要痕迹特征,我们制作了一些样本.由于每种枪仅购置了一支,故本文所介绍的有些痕迹特征究竟属于种类特征,抑或是个别特征,还有待于作进一步的实验和研究.将13种枪支划分为5组分别进行论述:一组:213型、213A型;     

Zhang Pengchun,a Globally Famed Chinese Human Rights Activist

Zhang Pengchun (1892-1957) is remembered in China largely as an educator and scholar.Worldwide, however,he is better known as a great human rights activist,mainly for the role he played in the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the wake of World War ii.Educator Turned DiplomatZhang Pengchun was born in Tianjin on april 22,1892,during the Qing,the last feudal dynasty of China. his family had moved a long time before from Shandong Province,where it owned a water transport business on the Grand Canal from hangzhou to Beijing, China’s main north-south transportation artery since it was dug     

非营利组织营利活动及其收入的税法规制——制度比较分析的视角

本文通过中外理论及法律法规比较,揭示了非营利组织的基本特征,即非营利组织是具有组织性、非利润分配性、民间性、自治性和志愿性的组织。同时,为了扩大收入来源,保证非营利组织的可持续发展,国家应在附加有关限制条件的基础上,允许非营利组织开展营利活动。与此同时,需采用不同标准划分非营利组织营利收入的来源和用途,针对不同类型的收入设计不同的税收优惠政策,从而达到鼓励社会力量兴办公益事业、促进市场公平竞争的目的。     

我国人力资源市场中介服务机构信息监测的特点与发展

人力资源市场中介服务机构信息监测是政府部门的重要职责。本文阐述了人力资源市场中介服务机构信息监测的基本特点;从信息监测的内容体系、运行机制、保障机制等三个方面,分析了目前我国人力资源市场中介服务机构信息监测存在的主要问题;从加强信息监测主体能力建设、完善信息监测内容体系、完善信息采集机制、健全信息发布机制、优化信息监测保障机制等五个方面,提出了加强我国人力资源市场中介服务机构信息监测的思路对策。     

Social mobility in rural Russia, 1995–2003

Using panel survey data from three Russian villages, this article examines rural social mobility in post-communist Russia. The article finds that contemporary rural social mobility is different from that which existed during the Soviet period. During the Soviet period, rural social mobility was linked to changes in profession and the direction of mobility was primarily upward. In the post-Soviet period, rural mobility is linked to increasing income differentiation and inequality. In the post-communist period, both upward and downward social mobility have occurred. The article examines the characteristics of upwardly and downwardly mobile households. It then analyses the factors that affect mobility through regression analysis of human capital and behavioural models. The article concludes that household labour continues to have the single greatest causal effect on rural mobility.     

Mathematical Models for Teenager’s Living Age Evaluation Based on CT Image of Medial Clavicular Epiphysis

Objective To explore the correlation between volume rendering(VR) statistics of medial clavicular epiphysis and living age,and establish the mathematical models for living age evaluation using the CT image of medial clavicular epiphysis based on the growth rules of osteoepiphysis of medial clavicle.Methods The CT images of the medial clavicles from 795 teenagers aged 15-25,387 males and 408 females,were collected in East and South China.VR 3D images were reconstructed from 0.60 mm-thick slice CT images.The epiphyseal diameter,sternal end diameter,and their respective diameter ratio(the left: x 1;the right: x 3);epiphyseal area,sternal end area,and their respective area ratio(the left: x 2;the right: x 4),were measured and calculated.All these observations were analyzed using SPSS 19.0 statistical software.The statistical differences in gender and age were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test.The mathematical models were established using least square.Sixty trained subjects,30 males and 30 females,were tested to verify the accuracy of the established mathematical models.Results In the group of same age,x 1 showed significant difference in gender;the same results were observed in x 2,x 3,and x 4,which suggested that the growth rules of osteoepiphysis of medial clavicle were highly correlated with living age.The accuracy of these mathematical models were all above 67.6%(±1.0 year) and 78.5%(±1.5 year).Conclusion The mathematical models with reasonable accuracy could be manageable in practice to confirm the conclusion of the atlas method.The current study can contribute to the single skeletal age evaluation.     

绝对法律关系初论

法律关系是抽象的观念,是观念对现实的反映,是思想意志通过法律对现实秩序的规制、维护。绝对法律关系并非停留在法律规定的层面,它是现实的法律关系。它的形成,须有具体的法律事实。应当将法律关系的模型与法律关系相区分。绝对法律关系的权利主体是特定的,而义务主体是一切人,一切人都在秩序之中。绝对法律关系就是绝对权法律关系,其客体是不行为,绝对法律关系的意义在于对抗,而不在于给付。同一法律事实可同时产生相对法律关系和绝对法律关系,这是共生现象。相对法律关系的给付,可产生绝对法律关系。