Environment Canada and the pursuit of administrative decentralization

Abstract: Administrative decentralization has suddenly become a major concern with respect to the operations of the national government in Canada. The specific catalyst has been a perceived need for greater responsiveness, and a belief that devolution of decision-making power to officials in the field is a way to achieve it. It is nevertheless problematic whether the requisite decentralization can be achieved. For one thing, headquarters-field relationships within the Canadian government reflect a powerful centralist orthodoxy. For another, it is difficult to find the right balance between centralization and decentralization in the delivery of services to the public. These problems in administrative decentralization have nowhere been etched more clearly than in the case of Environment Canada, a complex, physically decentralized department established in 1971 to prevent pollution and the degradation of the renewable resource base. It was recognized within Environment Canada at the outset that special initiatives were required to ensure both corporate coordination in the regions and a regional voice in decision-making at the centre. These initiatives took early form as a consensus-seeking regional board of managers, but reached their greatest maturity in an Office of the Regional Director General, a corporate official who sat on the departmental Senior Management Committee and reported directly to the deputy minister. Neither the regional board nor the RDGS fully met their mandate, however, in part because of the complexity of the environmental mission but more so because of the strength of centralist orthodoxy in departmental management structures and processes. As a result, the future of administrative decentralization within this department is now very much in doubt. Environment Canada's experience thus offers one approach to, and a compelling illustration of the difficulties to be overcome in, the pursuit of administrative decentralization in Canada. Sommaire: La déconcentration administrative est brusquement devenue une préocupation majeure en rapport avec le fonctionnement du gouvernement du Canada. Le catalyseur en a été précisément le besoin perçu dune réponse plus rapide et plus souple de la part du gouvernement, ainsi que la croyance selon laquelle le transfert du pouvoir décisionnel aux fonctionnaires régionaux serait l'un des moyens permettant d'y parvenir. Néanmoins, il n'est guère certain que l'on puisse réaliser la déconcentration nécessaire. Dune part, les rapports entre l'administration centrale et les bureaux régionaux, au sein du gouvernement canadien, reflètent une puissante orthodoxie centralisatrice. D'autre part, il est difficile de trouver le juste équilibre entre concentration et déconcentration pour ce qui est de la prestation de services au public. C'est au sein d'Environment Canada que ces problèmes de déconcentration administrative se sont produits de la manière la plus visible; il s'agit d'un ministère complexe, géographiquement déncentré, établi en 1971 pour lutter contre la pollution et contre la degradation des resources renouvelables. Dès le début, Environnement Canada savait qu'il fallait des initiatives spéciales pour assurer la coordination d'ensemble dans les régions, ainsi qu'une voix régionale dans la prise de décisions au centre administratif. Ces initiatives ont rapidernent menéà l'établissement d'un Conseil régional de gestionnaires chargé d'établir le consensus, et ont été couronnées par la mise sur pied des bureaux des directeurs généraux régionaux, fonctionnaires centraux membres du Comité supérieur de gestion du ministère et relevant directernent du sousministre. Ni le Conseil régional, ni les directeurs généraux régionaux n'ont cependant réussi à complètement remplir leur mandat, en partie à cause de la complexité de la mission environnementale, mais plus encore à cause de la force de l'orthodoxie centralisatrice dans les structures et les processus de gestion ministérielle. Par conséquent, l'avenir de la dézoncentration administrative au sein de ce ministère est aujourd'hui très incertain. L'expérience d'Environnement Canada présente ainsi l'une des démarches en matières de déconcentration administrative au Canada; elle illustre bien les difficultés qu'il faudra surmonter.     

The multidimensionality of peer pressure in adolescence

A sample of 689 adolescents (grades 7–12) from two Midwestern communities who had been identified by peers as members of one of three major peer groups responded to a self-report survey measuring perceptions of peer pressure in five areas of behavior: involvement with peers, school involvement, family involvement, conformity to peer norms, and misconduct. Perceived pressures toward peer involvement were particularly strong, whereas peer pressures concerning misconduct were relatively ambivalent. Perceived pressures toward misconduct increased across grade levels and pressures to conform to peer norms diminished; grade differences in perceived peer pressures concerning family involvement were community specific. Compared to druggie-toughs, jock-populars perceived stronger peer pressures toward school and family involvement, and less pressure toward (stronger pressure against) misconduct; patterns of perceived pressure among loners were more variable across communities. Results elaborated the process of peer influence in adolescent socialization and identity development.A version of this paper was presented at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Toronto, April 1985. The study was supported by a grant to the second author from the Spencer Foundation, Chicago, Illinois.She received her Ph.D. in 1982 from University of Wisconsin-Madison. Her research interests: adolescent peer groups and peer pressure, and implications of various instructional strategies for gifted students.He received his Ph.D. in 1979 from the University of Chicago. His research interests: effects of peer pressure and peer-group affiliation on adolescent self-concept and identity development, and social development in high school.     

Urbanization,Rural Mobility,and New Class Relations in Darjeeling,India

Throughout the developing world, rapid urbanization is leading to new social relations and new conflicts between urban and (formerly) rural populations. This paper examines this process of change through a detailed examination of changing rural–urban relations in the town of Darjeeling, in the Himalayan foothills in Eastern India. In Darjeeling, increased rural mobility, accelerated rural-to-urban migration and the increased participation of rural people in local politics have led to major changes in the town. We demonstrate that the upward trajectory of rural classes who were previously subordinate is leading the more established urban residents to feel threatened, resulting in a redrawing of local political issues along rural–urban lines and a reconfiguration of class consciousness and social relations. The urban middle class, whose opportunities in the town have stagnated or declined, see rural migrants as a source of competition for increasingly scarce resources and blame them for the overall decline in the quality of urban life. They mobilize their (predominantly cultural) capital to reinforce markers of cultural distinction between them and the rural migrants and to delegitimize the political gains they have made. We argue that rural–urban conflict is emerging as the chief source of tension in the town and that this tension is largely grounded in class issues.     

Safeguarding adults and mass marketing fraud – Perspectives from the police,trading standards and the voluntary sector

Despite the growing awareness of mass marketing fraud (MMF) in the financial abuse of vulnerable older people, little empirical research has been undertaken in this area. This paper is one of the first to consider the perspectives of a range of professionals who work with victims of mass marketing fraud and financial crime. MMF is a growing threat in the financial abuse of older people, and is increasingly recognised as a concern for professionals involved in supporting and safeguarding vulnerable older people. This paper considers the themes emerging from a small exploratory qualitative study into the perspectives of professionals working to safeguard those at risk of MMF and considers some of the complexities involved in tackling MMF. This involves consideration of the techniques used to groom and lure victims in plausible looking frauds, and the factors that serve to reinforce their sustained involvement in such activity.