Inequality,Ethnicity, Political Mobilisation and Political Violence in Latin America: The Cases of Bolivia,Guatemala and Peru*

The paper explores the relationship between political violence and ‘horizontal’ inequality in ethnically‐divided countries in Latin America. The cases studied are Bolivia, Guatemala and Peru. Preliminary results are reported on the measurement of horizontal inequality, or that between groups, defined in cultural, ethnic and/or religious terms. The Latin American cases are shown to be often more unequal than the cases from Africa and Asia included in the wider study of which the work forms a part. The complex relationship between such inequality, ethnicity and political violence is explored historically. Ethnicity is today rarely a mobilising factor in violence in the Latin American cases, but the degree of inequality based on ethnicity is shown to be highly relevant to the degree of violence which results once conflict is instigated. History explains why.     

论虚假陈述民事案件的诉讼方式

在民众的强烈期盼下,最高人民法院终于做出司法解释宣布受理虚假陈述民事赔偿案件,但是由于其固守传统民事诉讼模式,难以有效地解决人数众多的虚假陈述民事赔偿问题。笔者认为应当借鉴美国的集团诉讼机制以及德、法两国的团体诉讼的先进经验,改造我国已有的代表人诉讼制度,以解决虚假陈述民事案件的诉讼方式问题。     

作为超法规违法阻却事由的习惯法--刑法视域下习惯法违法性判断机能之开辟

习惯法在刑法领域中,具有贯穿刑事立法与刑事司法之"横截式"作用与机能.本文的理论目标正在于,开辟和释放习惯法在违法性判断阶段之重要功能.在作者看来,习惯法完全可以作为超法规的违法阻却事由发挥作用,法官可以习惯法上之正当性,排除行为之实质违法性.这不但不与罪刑法定原则相违背,而且有利于保障被告人人权;不仅有利于以收缩的实质理性对抗扩张的形式理性,而且也应合了"社会相当性理论"和"社会危害性理论"--这一违法阻却事由的一般基础和实质违法性判断之根本标准.甚至,习惯法的引入,还将有力地深化和拓展我们对于"社会相当性"与"社会危害性"这一范畴的横向理解和空间理解.