论企业核心竞争力

核心竞争力一词在 1990年《哈佛商业评论》出现以来便立即引起人们的广泛重视。企业核心竞争力是在市场竞争中一种能使企业长期持续发展、获得超额垄断利润并能为顾客带来更多独特价值的核心能力。这种竞争能力为企业创造的优势与一般竞争优势不同 ,它是建立在知识而非经验的基础上 ,具有价值优越性、模仿的高成本性、不可交易性、相对先进性、延伸性、整体关联性、阶段性、层次性与长期性等特性。如此多特性决定了企业核心竞争力的培育与获取不是一朝一夕之事。     

Medicare program; prospective payment system and consolidated billing for skilled nursing facilities--update. Final rule

This final rule updates the payment rates used under the prospective payment system (PPS) for skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), for fiscal year (FY) 2004. Annual updates to the PPS rates are required by section 1888(e) of the Social Security Act (the Act), as amended by the Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Balanced Budget Refinement Act of 1999 (BBRA), and the Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Benefits Improvement and Protection Act of 2000 (BIPA), relating to Medicare payments and consolidated billing for SNFs.     

Medical devices: reclassification and codification of the absorbable polydioxanone surgical suture. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is announcing that it has issued an order in the form of a letter to Ethicon, Inc., reclassifying the absorbable polydioxanone surgical (PDS) suture intended for use in soft tissue approximation, including use in pediatric cardiovascular tissue where growth is expected to occur and ophthalmic surgery, from class III (premarket approval) to class II (special controls). Elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register, FDA is announcing the availability of the guidance document entitled "Class II Special Controls Guidance Document: Surgical Sutures; Guidance for Industry and FDA," which is immediately in effect as the special control for the PDS suture, but remains subject to public comment and possible future revision under the agency's good guidance practices. The agency is reclassifying this device into class II because new information supplied by the petitioner indicates that special controls, in addition to general controls, will provide reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of the device, and there is sufficient information to establish special controls. Accordingly, the order is being codified in the Code of Federal Regulations. Any firm submitting a premarket notification (510(k)) for a new PDS suture will need to address the issues covered in the special control guidance. However, the firm need only show that its device meets the recommendations of the guidance or in some other way provides equivalent assurances of safety and effectiveness.     

New drug and biological drug products; evidence needed to demonstrate effectiveness of new drugs when human efficacy studies are not ethical or feasible. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending its new drug and biological product regulations to allow appropriate studies in animals in certain cases to provide substantial evidence of the effectiveness of new drug and biological products used to reduce or prevent the toxicity of chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear substances. This rule will apply when adequate and well-controlled clinical studies in humans cannot be ethically conducted and field efficacy studies are not feasible. In these situations, certain new drug and biological products that are intended to reduce or prevent serious or life-threatening conditions may be approved for marketing based on evidence of effectiveness derived from appropriate studies in animals and any additional supporting data.     

Health insurance reform: standard unique employer indentifier. Final rule

This final rule establishes a standard for a unique employer identifier and requirements concerning its use by health plans, health care clearinghouses, and health care providers. The health plans, health care clearinghouses, and health care providers must use the identifier, among other uses, in connection with certain electronic transactions. The use of this identifier will improve the Medicare and Medicaid programs, and other Federal health programs and private health programs, and the effectiveness and efficiency of the health care industry in general, by simplifying the administration of the system and enabling the efficient electronic transmission of certain health information. It will implement some of the requirements of the Administrative Simplification subtitle of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996.     

Technical revisions to medical criteria for determinations of disability. Final rules

These final rules make a number of technical revisions to the Listing of Impairments (the listings). We use the listings when you claim benefits based on disability under titles II and XVI of the Social Security Act (the Act). We are making these revisions to reflect advances in medical knowledge, treatment and terminology, to clarify certain criteria in the listings, to remove listings that we rarely use, and to add new listings consistent with current medical practice. We are making these individual technical revisions in order to improve our medical listings and make them easier to understand and use.     

Medical devices; device tracking. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending the medical device tracking regulation. FDA is making substantive changes to revise the scope of the regulation and add certain patient confidentiality requirements, and nonsubstantive changes to remove outdated references and simplify terminology. These revisions are made to conform the regulation to changes made in section 519(e) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the act) by the FDA Modernization Act of 1997 (FDAMA), and to simplify certain requirements.     

Topical antifungal drug products for over-the-counter human use; amendment of final monograph. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing a final rule amending the final monograph for over-the-counter (OTC) topical antifungal drug products to add the ingredient clotrimazole as generally recognized as safe and effective for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, and ringworm. This final rule is part of FDA's ongoing review of OTC drug products.     

International Cooperation on Harmonisation of Technical requirements for Approval of Veterinary Medicinal Products (VICH); final guidance on " Safety studies for veterinary drug residues in human food: reproduction toxicity testing" (VICH GL22); availability. Notice

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is announcing the availability of a final guidance for industry (#115) entitled "Safety Studies for Veterinary Drug Residues in Human Food: Reproduction Toxicity Testing"(VICH GL22). This final guidance has been adapted for veterinary use by the International Cooperation on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products (VICH) from a guidance regarding pharmaceuticals for human use, which was adopted by the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Approval of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). This final VICH guidance document recommends a basic battery of tests that can be used to evaluate the reproduction safety of veterinary drug residues in human food.     

Mental health and substance abuse emergency response criteria. Final rule

Section 3102 of the Children's Health Act of 2000, Pub. L. 106-310, amends section 501 of the Public Health Service (PHS) Act (42 U.S.C. 290aa) to add a new subsection (m) entitled "Emergency Response." This newly enacted subsection 501(m) authorizes the Secretary to use up to, but no more than, 2.5% of all amounts appropriated under Title V of the PHS Act, other than those appropriated under Part C, in each fiscal year to make "noncompetitive grants, contracts or cooperative agreements to public entities to enable such entities to address emergency substance abuse or mental health needs in local communities." Because Congress believed the Secretary needed the ability to respond to emergencies, it exempted any grants, contracts, or cooperative agreements authorized under this section from the peer review process. See section 501(m)(1) of the PHS Act. Instead, the Secretary is to use an objective review process by establishing objective criteria to review applications for funds under this authority.