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91.
Spamming is a major threat to the formation of public trust in the Internet and discourages broader civil participation in the emerging information society. To the individual, spams are usually little more than a nuisance, but collectively they expose Internet users to a panoply of new risks while threatening the communications and commercial infrastructure. Spamming also raises important questions of criminological interest. On the one hand it is an example of a pure cybercrime – a harmful behaviour mediated by the Internet that is the subject of criminal law, while on the other hand, it is a behaviour that has in practice been most effectively contained technologically by the manipulation of ‘code’ – but at what cost? Because there is not an agreed meaning as to what constitutes ‘online order’ that renders it simply and uncritically reducible to a set of formulae and algorithms that can be subsequently imposed (surreptitiously) by technological processes. The imposition of order online, as it is offline, needs to be subject to critical discussion and also checks and balances that have their origins in the authority of law. This article deconstructs and analyses spamming behaviour, before exploring the boundaries between law and code (technology) as governance in order to inform and stimulate the debate over the embedding of cybercrime prevention policy within the code itself. 相似文献
92.
A curious ownership structure is found in Northern Europe—foundations that own and operate business companies. The foundations are non-profit entities, they have no members and no owners, and they cannot be dissolved. In many cases, these entities control more than 50% of the votes in successful international companies. Obviously, this structure completely blocks the market for corporate control, but it also violates other basic principles of agency theory and corporate finance. Nevertheless, we present evidence that a sample of foundation-owned companies listed on the Copenhagen Stock Exchange are at least as efficient as other listed companies in terms of risk adjusted stock returns, accounting returns and Tobins Q. Thus, they question whether profit-seeking ownership is a necessary condition for competitive enterprise.JEL Classification: D23, G34, L31 相似文献
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The author explores materialities as pre-established and co-producing features of criminal proceedings. This is done by discussing courtrooms, files and stories in relation to English Crown Court hearings. The three materialities gain significance in the course of the court hearing, but do not derive from it. They exceed the course of talk-in-court. Once the hearing started, the pre-established materialities can be referred to but not simply modified. Materialities, in this line, provide stability and guidance for the hearing. They facilitate, purify and condense it. However, their temporal separation causes problems for those who run the show. Materialities can be employed but not fully integrated. Unwelcome parts do, at times, disturb, disrupt and complicate the current dealings. 相似文献
96.
Lois?A.?Ventura Eric?G.?LambertEmail author Michael?Bryant Sudershan?Pasupuleti 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2004,28(2):165-180
The criminal justice system is supposed to protect and serve all members of the community equally; therefore, any prejudicial attitudes harbored by criminal justice students may negatively impact their job performance as future justice professionals. Four hundred and eighty-four students at a large Midwestern university were surveyed on their views toward gay and lesbian persons and issues. The responses of criminal justice majors were compared to the responses of students majoring in other fields. Criminal justice majors tended to have more negative views of gays and lesbians than students in other majors. However, there was not a significant difference between the two groups of students in their willingness to extend rights to and socialize with gay and lesbian individuals. 相似文献
97.
This study examines the importance of victims’ expectations of the police, the decision to arrest, and voluntary contact on
satisfaction ratings of the police in domestic violence cases. Based on results from past research and modern police policy,
several hypotheses are tested including: fulfilled expectations, offender arrests, and voluntary contacts resulting in positive
satisfaction ratings of the police. To investigate these predictions further, the present study utilizes data from a national
study on violence against women in the United States. Logistic regression analyses indicate that fulfilled expectations and
the arrest decision are important to positive satisfaction ratings. Findings also indicate that involuntary, not voluntary,
contact with the police leads to higher satisfaction ratings. 相似文献
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There is a limited, but growing body of literature on the academic integrity of criminal justice majors. This study adds to
the research by surveying 850 students at a Midwestern university and comparing criminal justice majors to students majoring
in other disciplines. The survey consisted of various academic dishonesty behaviors, rationales for being academically dishonest,
and whether or not the behaviors were ethical. The results indicated that there were some differences between criminal justice
and non-criminal justice majors; however, for most measures, the two groups of students were similar. Unfortunately, the overall
level of cheating was high for both criminal justice and non-criminal justice students. 相似文献
100.
The “just war” philosophy of Cicero, St. Augustine, and St. Thomas Aquinas has had momentous and provocative implications
for modern political theory. The use of force by police is one theme through which the just war tradition can be utilized
to demonstrate the extent of infusion for the concept in the Western political archetype. As police become constrained in
their use of force, they are bound by the concepts inherent in the philosophy of the just war doctrine. The Supreme Court,
likewise, has been influenced by the philosophy of the just war tradition in many of its decisions regarding the proper use
of force by police. 相似文献