真知与偏见：亨廷顿眼中的台湾民主

在《第三波——20世纪后期民主化浪潮》一书中,亨廷顿论及台湾的民主化进程,提出了民主化的基本含义、诱因、过程、特征和前景。亨廷顿对台湾民主的分析充满着真知灼见,其预测也为后来的台湾政治民主实践所证实。但是,必须指出的是,亨廷顿从西方的价值体系出发来对全球的民主化进程进行分析,不可避免地带有一定的偏见性。     

正确把握和处理法制宣传教育工作十个方面的关系

今年是“五五”法制宣传教育启动年。把科学发展观贯彻落实到“五五”规划及实施中去,积极推进和谐社会建设,既是对法制宣传教育工作最好的总结,也是有效实施新的五年法制宣传教育工作之必须。在“五五”法制宣传教育工作中,要认真、全面贯彻落实十六届四、五中全会精神,坚持以科学发展观为统领,坚持和实施依法治国方略,正确把握和处理好十个方面的关系,创新体制机制和工作方法,努力开创法制宣传教育工作新局面。一、坚持落实科学发展观与把握自身工作规律的关系发展观是对社会发展一般进程的客观规律的认识和把握,正确的发展观是对社会发展…     

国外老年服务一瞥

联合国秘书长安南说过:"我们目前所生活的时代,人们赋予它各种各样的名称……今天,请允许我再增加一个名称,即:长寿时代."在这样一个长寿的时代里,人生70已不再是古来稀.为更好地应对老龄化挑战,增强老龄化社会的关注意识,推动个人晚年生活的成功,现代化社会赋予了老年人以更多的生活选择,各类养老机构的出现代表着养老社会化的趋势.近年来,国外一些地区为了提高老年人的生活质量,使他们愉快地安度晚年,开办了各种有趣的老年服务项目.在此,我们作以简单介绍.     

Application of HLA-DRB1 genotyping by oligonucleotide micro-array technology in forensic medicine

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is known to be the most complex polymorphic system in the human genome. Among all of the HLA loci, HLA-DRB1 has the second largest number of alleles. The purpose of this study is to develop an oligonucleotide micro-array based HLA-DRB1 typing system for use in forensic identification, anthropology, tissue transplantation, and other genetic research fields. The system was developed by analyzing the HLA-DRB1 (DRB1) genotypes in 1198 unrelated healthy Chinese Han individuals originating from various parts of China and residing in Shanghai, China. METHOD: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with the oligonucleotide micro-array technology was used to detect and type HLA-DRB1 alleles of the sample individuals. The reliability, sensitivity, consistency and specificity were evaluated for use in forensic identification. Furthermore, a meta-analysis was carried out by comparing the allele frequencies of the HLA-DRB1 locus with those of other Chinese Han groups, Chinese minorities and other ethnic populations. RESULTS: All the DNA samples yielded a 273 bp amplification product, with no other amplification products in this length range. The minimum quantity of DNA detected by this method is 15 ng in a PCR reaction system of 25 microl. The population studied appeared to be not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), expected probability of exclusion (PE), polymorphic information content (PIC), and discrimination power (DP) of the HLA-DRB1 locus from the Shanghai Han ethnic group were evaluated to be 0.8022, 0.8870, 0.7741, 0.8771, 0.9750, respectively. A total of 25 HLA-DRB1 alleles were identified. HLA-DRB1*09XX, *04XX, *12XX and *15XX were the most frequent DRB1 alleles, which were observed in 58.76% of the sample. One hundred and sixteen genotypes were found. The five most frequent genotypes were: *04XX/*04XX (0.0626), *09XX/*09XX (0.0593), *04XX/*09XX (0.0551), *09XX/*15XX (0.0384) and *08XX/*12XX (0.0351). The meta-analysis showed that there were uniquely distributed features of DRB1 alleles among various ethnic populations and among the studied population groups from various regions with the same ethnic origin. CONCLUSIONS: An HLA-DRB1 genotyping system has been developed and established based on the oligonucleotide micro-array technology. The HLA-DRB1 typing of the Han population in Shanghai has revealed a relatively high heterogeneity. Information obtained in this study will be useful for medical and forensic applications as well as in anthropology research. Large-scale micro-array detection is highly accurate and reliable for DNA-based HLA-DRB1 genotyping. These results suggest that HLA-DRB1 DNA polymorphisms and the database of the Shanghai Han group have useful applications in processing forensic casework (as personal identification, paternity test), tracing population migration and genetic diagnosis.     

“两制共存”与马克思主义执政党理论的发展

社会主义制度首先是在经济文化落后的国家建立,从而形成了1917年俄国十月社会主义革命胜利开始的社会主义制度与资本主义制度在全球范围内共处的历史时代.马克思主义执政党理论发展离不开"两制共存"的总体历史背景.在长期的艰苦探索中,马克思主义执政党理论建设既取得了极其丰硕的成果,也存在一些偏差.在新的历史时期,江泽民集中全党智慧提出"三个代表"重要思想,成为马克思主义执政党理论探索的最新成果.     

两岸三地公共场所禁烟立法的比较与借鉴

吸烟者的吸烟自由与被动吸烟者的生命健康权存在冲突,家庭等私人机制对于出现在非公共场所中相关矛盾可予以妥善处理,但是对于公共场所中发生的相关矛盾则应当诉诸公权力的干预。各国及地区已经普遍地建立公共场所禁烟制度,台湾、香港的相关立法堪为大陆立法借鉴。比较两岸三地立法,公共场所的界定是控烟的关键,管理体制的建立是控烟的重要保障,处罚机制的设计是控烟有效实施的基础。     

积累型家计模式下的代际关系、青年婚嫁逻辑与养老秩序——基于北京W村的驻村调研

目前学界对农村养老秩序的研究主要是在代际关系失衡与男性父母在"婚姻要价"中受挤压的框架内展开的。中国农村存在显著的地方性差异,不同地区农村的养老秩序也存在差异。本文以北京市W村的家庭关系为例,分析高积累家计模式对代际关系、婚姻圈以及家庭养老产生的影响。本文基于W村的驻村调研发现:多数家庭实现全员就业,形成高积累的家计模式;在高积累的家计模式下,子代在"婚姻圈"中处于优势地位,父代也可以实现"低龄自养";高龄老人依靠相对较高的农村养老金与经济积累实现经济自养,并通过多子间的轮养得到生活照料。在W村,代际之间的经济依赖程度弱,代际关系紧密而无压力。本文为农村代际关系、青年婚嫁逻辑与养老秩序的研究提供新的案例参考。     

马克思的代表理论及其时代启示

马克思认为,新型无产阶级国家政权建设要发挥民意机关的作用,特别要体现代表的工人阶级属性,代表可以随时撤换。我国人民代表大会制度一直重视政权建设中代表的身份属性。充分发挥人大制度优势,有必要进一步理解代表构成的价值意蕴,多维度优化代表构成,强化代表履职监督,从制度上更好地保障和实现人民当家作主。     

论教唆他人自杀的犯罪性来源

对于处罚教唆他人自杀的根据,理论上有三种思路：一是根据共犯理论,二是根据间接正犯理论,三是直接根据《刑法》第232条规定的故意杀人罪。以上三种思路都不能正确说明教唆他人自杀的犯罪性,处罚教唆自杀没有法律根据。从教唆行为的二重属性分析,教唆行为本身是一种恶的表现,其次教唆行为的恶性还来源于实行行为,即教唆自杀具有双重恶性,教唆自杀可能具有比自杀行为更大的社会危害性。因此应该在刑法中规定教唆自杀罪。     

关注个体自觉——部队思想政治教育的新视角

本文将启发个体自觉作为部队思想政治教育的新视角,在教育中,做到尊重人、理解人、关心入,通过增进先进理论的真理性与个体实践的效益性的内在统一,不断激发个体发展的动力,同时达成部队思想政治教育工作自身否定之否定的价值和效益的优化目的,促进部队思想政治教育地系统化和科学化。