扼压颈部致窒息死亡的法医学鉴定

按许多法医学教程和法医学教科书编者们所做的分类，手臂扼压颈部导致的窒息属于机械性窒息的一种，它通常在死亡案例中才能遇见。手臂扼压颈部致死通常被理解为用手（腕至指尖部分）扼压颈部致死，但在法医鉴定的实践及文献中不仅有用手扼压颈部致死的情况，还常见用手臂的其它部分，乃至用人体其它部位扼压颈部致死的情况。近年来由于此类死亡案例数量的上升及致伤的手臂部位日益多佯性，使对扼压颈部致窒息死亡的犯罪行为进行鉴定成为亟待研究的课题。对圣彼得堡市市政府所属的法医鉴定机构提供的１１年（１９８３－１９９３）的资料进行…     

中国证据法改革者面临的选择—— 从《联邦证据规则》与《加州证据法典》之对比中获得的启示

美国《联邦证据规则》作为英美成文证据法的典范,常常受到我国学者的青睐.但该规则并非可资借鉴的唯一美国模式.生效于1967年的《加州证据法典》被普遍认为在对普通法规则的修正方面获得了成功.其影响不仅限于加州地区,而且美国《联邦证据规则》中许多条款都曾以《加州证据法典》中的相应规定为范本.但在许多情况下,《加州证据法典》与《联邦联邦规则》在调整同一问题的规定之间也存在着明显的差异,它们体现了起草者不同的政策选择.理解这些差异有助于中国证据法改革者做出最契合本国文化和法律价值观的证据性选择.     

排除规则的困难

今晚演讲的题目——排除规则的困难,是在我去年12月讲座《美国证据排除规则》1基础上的继续深入.在那次演讲中,我关注的是米兰达诉亚利桑那州案(1966年)和马普诉俄亥俄州案(1961年)这两个案件,它们涉及旨在保护美国宪法中权利法案有关免于自证其罪与不合理搜查扣押之权利的排除规则.美国最高法院还有其他授权在个人权利受到侵犯时予以排除的案例.这使许多人包括资深法学家认为,在美国存在着授权排除非法获取证据的排除规则.正如我在那场演讲中指出的,这个观点是错误的.在美国有许多复杂的证据规则.某些规则授权排除非法获取的证据,而另一些则没有.某些授权排除是因为其他理由,与证据获取方式的合法性没关系,而且,非法获取的证据常常是可采的.     

Rethinking Timing of First Sex and Delinquency

The relation between timing of first sex and later delinquency was examined using a genetically informed sample of 534 same-sex twin pairs from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, who were assessed at three time points over a 7-year interval. Genetic and environmental differences between families were found to account for the association between earlier age at first sex and increases in delinquency. After controlling for these genetic and environmental confounds using a quasi-experimental design, earlier age at first sex predicted lower levels of delinquency in early adulthood. The current study is contrasted with previous research with non-genetically informative samples, including Armour and Haynie (2007, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 141–152). Results suggest a more nuanced perspective on the meaning and consequences of adolescent sexuality than is commonly put forth in the literature.

The impact of suicide on the family

Little research has examined the consequences of a suicide for social or family networks. Because suicide occurs within families, the focus on the aftermath of suicide within families is an important next step to determine exactly how to help survivors. In this article, we review and summarize the research on the impact of suicide on individuals within families and on family and social networks. We begin with a discussion of family changes following suicide. Next, we discuss the effects of suicide on social networks overall and responses of children and the elderly to a suicide in the family. Finally, we identify key issues that remain to be resolved in family survivor research and make recommendations for future studies.