Political Partisanship and Welfare State Reform in Advanced Industrial Societies

In this article we evaluate two claims made in recent studies of the welfare states of advanced industrial societies: first, that welfare states have remained quite resilient in the face of demands for retrenchment; and second, that partisan politics have ceased to play a decisive role in their evolution. Addressing the first claim, we present analysis from a new data set on unemployment insurance and sickness benefit replacement rates for 18 countries for the years 1975–99. We find considerably more evidence of welfare retrenchment during the last two decades than do recent cross-national studies. Second, we examine the "end of partisanship" claim by estimating the effects of government partisanship on changes in income replacement rates in sickness and unemployment programs. Our results suggest that, contrary to claims that partisanship has little impact on welfare state commitments, traditional partisanship continues to have a considerable effect on welfare state entitlements in the era of retrenchment .     

道路交通事故中微量物证的利用

微量物证是交通事故现场的重要物证,重视搜集微量物证,掌握交通事故现场微量物证的种类、特点及对事故现场微量物证的提取和鉴定,能重现交通事故的动态过程,对交通事故现场进行重构。为及时侦破交通肇事案件、公正裁决交通事故纠纷提供可靠的依据。     

Service Efforts and Accomplishments Reporting: Has Its Time Really Come?

In April 1994 GASB released Concepts Statement No. 2, Service Efforts and Accomplishments Reporting , bringing required SEA external financial reporting a very large step closer to reality. Before long, public financial officials may be required to annually report measures of performance. We are now about halfway through the experimentation phase established in Statement 2. This article summarizes the status of GASB's SEA experimentation process. It then suggests important behavioral, auditing, and other issues which GASB ought to address before proceeding with any formal pronouncements regarding SEA reporting requirements.     

The tax-spend debate: Time series evidence from state budgets

This paper examines the temporal relationship between revenues and expenditures for the forty-eight contiguous states over an annual period 1942 to 1992. Using an error-correction model, we find that the tax-spend hypothesis is supported for twenty-four states. The spend-tax hypothesis is valid for eight states while the fiscal synchronization hypothesis is supported for eleven states. The remaining five states failed the diagnostic tests for error-correction modeling.     

法律亚权利:权利拓展的文化背景

人们在社会实践中,不断认识和改造自然界和社会本身,对权利现象的认识是一个螺旋式的渐进过程.权利拓展背后的现象之一是法律亚权利现象的存在.在法律体系上,对待权利问题我们常常思维格式化,总是忘却习惯权利和道德权利的存在.我们的态度是惟一的,只承认国家制定法即认为国家制定法是全部的法律,不仅排斥了大量的习惯法,而且还否定了社会和文化的价值观念、伦理道德观念与国家法律的相容性.     

马克思主义理论教育与马克思主义中国化

作为以马克思主义为指导思想的中国共产党,始终重视对党员的马克思主义理论教育。马克思主义理论教育的开端是五四运动,此后曾经历了三次高潮。在全党马克思主义教育过程中遇到了两大特殊问题——受教育者的特殊性和中国国情的特殊性,解决的最佳途径就是把马克思主义的基本原理和中国实际相结合,使马克思主义中国化。马克思主义中国化的过程并非一帆风顺。马克思主义理论教育与马克思主义中国化始终是统一的,统一于中国革命和建设实践。     

On the Nature of Tolerance: Dichotomous or Continuous?*

The purpose of this article is to reconsider the claim made recently by Mondak and Sanders that political tolerance ought to be thought to be a dichotomous rather than continuous variable. Using data from both Russia and the United States, I demonstrate that those Mondak and Sanders regard as uniquely tolerant are most likely no more than people who were given insufficient opportunity to express their intolerance. Even if such a phenomenon of “absolute tolerance” exists (all ideas expressed in all ways are to be tolerated), it is sufficiently rare that few practical implications are indicated for those doing empirical work on political tolerance and intolerance. * I appreciate the valuable comments of Jeffcry Mondak on an earlier version of this paper.