我国海洋环境保护政策的历史演进与结构特征——基于政策文本的量化分析

海洋环境保护政策是国家治理海洋环境,规制用海主体行为,分配海洋生态资源,实现海洋可持续发展最直接、最有效的工具。海洋环境保护政策体系的优化与完善直接影响政策执行效果,关乎"海洋强国"建设和"一带一路"战略的实现。对改革开放以来我国海洋环境保护政策体系的演变与特征分析是深入研究海洋环境政策的前提。运用政策内容分析法,以1979年至今中央部委发布的161项海洋环境保护政策为样本进行量化分析,可以发现我国海洋环境政策体系演变呈现出低位徘徊、持续性增长和稳定周期性震荡的三阶段特征;多元政策制定主体间能够描绘出"简单协同"的二元决策协作网络图谱;在政策工具选择上,呈现控制型政策工具过溢而经济激励型政策工具和鼓励-参与型政策工具使用不足的特征。     

乡村农民组织的历史演进和现实构建

农民自组织是农民自主建立维护农民合法权益、提高农民福利水平的利益共同体,是新农村建设的重中之重.历史上农村组织是在行政权控制下、农民被组织的传统形式,新时期构建的是"民有、民享、民治"的现代农民自组织.     

组织切片DNA提取的探讨

在医患关系纠纷中,病理组织切片经常被作为至关重要的证据,但对它的检验是目前法医DNA检验的难点。因样本制作固定的时间、保存环境等不同因素的影响,病理组织切片DNA检出率并不高。本文从实际检案角度出发,详细介绍了病理组织切片DNA提取的过程,并分析了其可能影响因素。     

关于公司对外担保的法律问题

公司法对公司对外担保的主债务人范围没有必要加以限制,是否为股东和其他自然人提供担保,应该属于公司自治范畴。新公司法第16条实际上已经表明:只要公司章程没有相反规定,公司就具备对外担保能力,而且法律对公司对外担保决策机关的规定,并非是对公司对外担保的限制。新公司法第16条的强行性规定在缺乏配套规定的情况下,容易导致适用上的混乱。     

Comprehensive analyses for genetic diversities of 19 autosomal STRs in Chinese Kazak group and its phylogenetic relationships with other continental populations

Short tandem repeats (STRs) play an essential role in forensic genetics due to their high degree of polymorphisms, wide distributions and easy detection method. In this study, allelic frequencies and forensic statistical parameters of the 19 autosomal STR loci in a Kazak ethnic group were calculated, and its genetic relationships with reference populations were assessed in order to understand population structure better and enrich population genetic data for forensic practice in Chinese Kazak ethnic group. There were 226 identified alleles with the corresponding allelic frequencies ranging from 0.0008 to 0.5295 in the 628 unrelated healthy Kazak individuals in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. All autosomal STRs were conformed to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni’s correction. The cumulative power of discrimination and the combined probability of exclusion of all the 19 autosomal STRs were 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 997 162 and 0.999 999 994 484, respectively. Furthermore, the D_A distances and Fixation index values of pairwise populations, principal component analysis, multidimensional scaling analysis, phylogenetic tree analysis and structure analysis were conducted to probe the genetic relationships between the Kazak group and other reference populations. The population genetic results showed that these 19 autosomal STR loci were characterised by high genetic diversities in the Kazak group. Furthermore, the studied Kazak group had close genetic relationships with the Uyghur group and the Uzbek group. The present results may facilitate understanding the genetic background of the Chinese Xinjiang Kazak group.     

经济全球化下中巴战略关系的新思维

进入二十一世纪,经济全球化趋势进一步加强。国家利益越来越体现在经济利益上,而处理国家间关系的核心问题又是调整国家利益。这就必然对以政治为中心的传统国家间关系形成挑战。中国和巴基斯坦有着全天候友谊和全面合作伙伴关系,但近年来也出现了经济往来落后于政治发展的势头。在当前国际和地区形势下,中巴关系应与时俱进,体现时代内涵。本文对中巴战略关系新思维提出的背景、新思维的特点及其前景等进行分析。