Criminal history and social disadvantage as predictors of the severity of violent offending

ABSTRACT

Lethal violence is often seen as the tip of the iceberg and homicide perpetrators are seen as manifesting the most extreme number of various risk factors. This article explores whether that is the case. Using a unique data set combining data from several administrative registers with a nationally representative sample of different types of police-reported violence committed during 2010–2011 (N = 26,303 offenders) in Finland, we compare the offenders of five different types of violence (minor assault, assault, aggravated assault, attempted homicide, and completed homicide). In addition, we examine the association between the severity of violence and prior criminal history and different types of strain. The results give partial support to the hypothesis: the more serious the violence, the more crime prone and socially disadvantaged the offender. Yet, lethal offenders do not stand out alone; the division, rather, appears to be between offenders of serious (aggravated assault, attempted homicide, completed homicide) and less serious (minor assault, assault) forms of violence.     

Can canines alone be used for age estimation in Chinese individuals when applying the Kvaal method?

Due to the secondary dentin formation, the dental pulp undergoes changes in shape throughout life. Based on this phenomenon, the Kvaal method has been applied to various populations for age estimation, and its usefulness has been verified. When applying the Kvaal method to Chinese subjects, we observed a relatively strong correlation between mandibular canines and age. This study notes the correlation between canines and chronological age and is the first to identify which canine is most closely related to chronological age. In addition, a new, simpler formula is determined based on canines according to Kvaal’s methodology. The radiographs of 360 individuals from northern China were selected, from which the widths and lengths of the pulp from four canines were measured according to the Kvaal method. Next, inter- and intra-observer reliabilities were analyzed in order to assess the repeatability of these measurements. The correlation between measurements and age was examined, and Chinese-specific age estimation formulae were derived. The results revealed that the ratios from the left maxillary canine exhibited the strongest correlation with age compared to the other canines, whereas the left mandibular canine showed the weakest correlation, which may contribute to the overall poor correlation of mandibular canines with age. What’s more, the formula derived from the left maxillary canine in this study displayed the highest coefficients of determination, and the formula derived from all canines showed the lowest residuals. Both of these formulae performed better than the Chinese-specific formula derived from six different types of teeth in our previous study, which had formerly possessed the highest coefficients of determination and the lowest residuals. Thus, we concluded that canines do play an important role in age estimation in the Chinese population, and the correlation between maxillary canines and chronological age is stronger than that of mandibular canines, although no distinct trend as to which side is better correlated with age was established. Going forward, we recommend the analysis of additional samples from different geographical regions and populations to further verify the importance of canines in age estimation.     

醇溶蛋白在人工胃肠液中降解性及其对苦参碱释药行为的影响

目的对醇溶蛋白在人工胃肠液中的降解性，以及其作为缓控释材料对苦参碱的缓释行为进行研究。方法以醇溶蛋白空白片在胃肠液中的质量减少率、降解率考察其在人工胃肠液中的降解性。用紫外分光光度法测定苦参碱缓释片在人工肠液中体外释放度。结果醇溶蛋白在人工胃肠液中随着时间的延长质量减少率和降解率也随之增大，且质量减少率滞后于降解率。苦参碱缓释片在人工肠液体外24h累计释放度为93．15％，体外释药模型拟合符合Higuchi方程。结论醇溶蛋白在人工胃肠液具有降解性，醇溶蛋白对苦参碱有很好的缓释效果。     

川芎嗪口服油包油微乳的研制及大鼠体内药物代谢动力学研究

目的 制备川芎嗪口服油包油(oil/oil, O/O)微乳,提高川芎嗪口服生物利用度.方法 在本课题组前期对O/O型非水微乳所做的共性构建的基础上,将川芎嗪制成川芎嗪O/O型口服微乳制剂,研究其在大鼠体内的药物代谢动力学特点.结果制备的川芎嗪O/O型口服微乳平均粒径为48.2 nm,基本成球形,大小分布较为均匀;川芎嗪...     

中国检察教育培训制度的发展与完善

经过30余年的发展,中国检察教育培训制度逐步走上了制度化、规范化发展的轨道,检察教育培训工作取得了显著成绩,但是科学化的水平还较低,还存在制度不健全、不完善、机制不科学等问题。完善检察教育培训制度,需要加强检察教育培训的改革创新,积极推进培训体制、运行机制、内容方式、师资队伍和宏观管理改革。