Programme and performance budgeting in Malaysia

This paper reviews the evolution of programme and performance budgeting (PPB) in Malaysia from its beginning in 1969, through the in-depth implementation phase which began in 1972, to the present day. It outlines the system in the Ministry of Health, where PPB has been extensively developed and comments on the systems established in other in-depth ministries, in several of which little appears to have been achieved. In 1981 all other agencies were asked to adopt PPB in their budget submissions. Compliance has been superficial. The paper explores the constraints to the further development of PPB. These range from difficulties of securing appropriate staff, lack of top-level commitment and information problems, to the inherent difficulties of programming and performance measurement. In seeking to evaluate the success of PPB the paper adopts two approaches. The first, involving a small questionnaire survey amongst those involved in PPB, reveals rather guarded opinions concerning its usefulness and progress. The second, which explores the use made of PPB, reveals little use by legislators, budget officers or line managers, and no link between PPB and the planning process. However the audit department expresses considerable interest in relation to performance auditing. In summary the achievements of PPB have been modest.     

The influence of analysis on U.S. defense policys

Much of the policy literature holds that rigorous policy analysis as practiced in the defense policymaking community has a much greater influence than analysis performed in the nondefense or ‘domestic’ sectors. This argument is examined by, first, offering several examples of quantitatively driven decisions in the U.S. Department of Defense and, second, inquiring more precisely as to the nature of the actual decision variables. The conclusion is that the defense and domestic modes of policy analysis and decisionmaking are not as disparate as they are usually perceived. In practice, both camps share many of the same problems and could benefit from shared solutions. Paper prepared for delivery at the 1985 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, the New Orleans Hilton, August 29–September 1, 1985. Revised for the Seventh Annual Research Conference of the Association for Public Policy and Management, Washington, D.C., October, 1985.     

CONTAINING REFORM: THE UK STANCE ON THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ElA DIRECTIVE

After a decade's deliberation, the European Community EIA Directive bccomes operative on July 3, 1988. Member states spent 7 years refining the proposals and were given 3 years to devise implementation procedures. In this paper the attempt by the UK government to contain the impact of the Directive on domestic policy is reviewed. While the UK government was successful in eroding many provisions during formulation, it has been prevented from exempting many projects from mandatory EIA in its im- plementation procedures. The most significant reform is that many projects are subject to formal EIA for the first time.     

Herbert Alexander Simon

Introduction

Herbert Alexander Simon     

《民法学》课堂教学方法之探讨

民法学理论恢宏浩瀚、博大精深,对于讲授民法学的老师而言,课前的准备、课中的讲授以及课后的安排,应是有条不紊。首先要做勤勉、严谨的课前准备;其次是规范、生动的课堂讲授;最后,要有严格而明确的课后“作业”。要为学生传授学习方法,指明学习方向,从而达到“传道解惑”之目的。     

FN－Ⅲcs在皮肤切创中的表达与损伤时间关系

目的研究纤维连接蛋白可变剪接片段Ⅲcs在不同损伤时间皮肤中的表达,为早期损伤时间的判定指标提供实验依据.方法DIG标记反意RNA探针,以原位杂交的方法检测大鼠和人体皮肤在损伤早期FNⅢcs表达的变化.结果(1)人体及大鼠皮肤损伤后30min皮肤网状层的毛囊、皮脂腺、血管内皮层中表达FNⅢcs的阳性细胞数开始增多,至伤后6h达到高峰,以后又逐渐减少.(2)人体皮肤FNⅢcs表达的部位与大鼠有明显的差异.结论FNⅢcs的原位检测可望成为判断早期损伤时间的有用指标;为FNⅢcs在创伤修复中的合成方式、部位和作用的研究提供了实验基础.