Work,fertility, and the status of women in Mexico

Among the major transformations affecting Mexican women in recent decades were their growing participation in the labor market and the fertility decline that began in the 1970s with widespread access to contraception. Data from 3 major Mexican fertility surveys, employment surveys, and censuses are used to analyze changes in female employment and their determinants during the years of economic recession in the 1980s. The main characteristics of the Mexican fertility decline are described, and the relationship between fertility and female employment before and during the economic recession is scrutinized for different social sectors. Suggestions for research on the affects of these changes on the social condition of Mexican women are then presented. The proportions of Mexican women over 12 years old who declared themselves economically active increased from 16% in 1970 to 21% in 1979 and 32% in 1987. Until the 1970s the majority of employed women were young and single or childless. But a clear increase occurred between 1976-87 in the economic participation of older women in union. Economic participation of low income and less educated women increased as they sought work or created their own in response to deteriorating living conditions during the recession. Young women with intermediate or higher educational levels did not increase their relative presence in the labor market in the same period. The marked increase in economic participation of less educated women in union with small children was accompanied by a significant increase in manual occupations. Between 1982-87, the proportion of women aged 20-49 in nonsalaried manual occupations rose from 7.6% to 18.5%. Mexico's fertility decline has been well documented. The total fertility rate declined from 6.3 in 1973 to 3.8 in 1986, while the percentage of women in union using a contraceptive method increased from 30.2 in 1976 to 52.7 in 1987. Fertility differentials have been declining but are still considerable. The inhibitory influence of children on female labor force participation in Mexico is clear, but in the years of economic recession the most notable increase in female workers was in women with 3 or more children of whom the youngest was under 3. It appears that the influence of children on women's employment depends on the socioeconomic status of the woman as well as on the dynamism or sluggishness of the labor market. Research is needed on the significance of changes in fertility and female employment for women's status in Mexico. Several recent works have presented results of microsocial analyses of the ways in which women experience changes in their lives resulting from fertility and employment decisions. A methodological strategy for studying these changes and their influence on women's status should focus on comparisons between different generations and birth cohorts, different types of employment, and different socioeconomic statuses. Both macrosocial and microsocial forms of analysis are needed to provide a full picture.     

电子政务与政府流程再造——兼谈新公共管理

电子政务是信息技术在政府管理的广泛应用的结果,但是,它不仅仅是一种纯粹的技术活动。为了充分发挥信息技术的潜力,降低信息化的投资风险,在实施电子政务过程中进行政府流程再造是必然的选择。结合企业信息化的经验,论述了电子政务实施过程中进行政府流程再造的必要性,以及在不同的电子政务应用层次对政府流程再造的不同要求。但是,随着电子政务应用层次的提高,也对政府管理提出了更高的要求;从新公共管理的角度对电子政务进行了进一步的探讨,研究了新公共管理对我国电子政务的借鉴意义和存在的障碍。     

计算机数字证据的检验、鉴定程序和方法研究

在计算机空前发达的现代社会 ,数字证据的出现给我们提出了新的研究课题。开展计算机数字证据的检验 ,鉴定程序和方法的研究有其必要 ,进而建立一套规范的检验 ,鉴定程序和方法 ,以提高公安机关打击计算机犯罪的功效。     

新生产力观与可持续发展

可持续发展观是针对传统发展模式的弊端而提出的新发展战略。它要求经济发展与人口、资源和环境相协调,实现人与自然相和谐。新生产力观是可持续发展战略的必然要求,它强调以人为本,人是生产力发展的最终目的,在生产力发展过程中实现人与自然的统一。同时新生产力观也为可持续发展提供智力支持和观念保证。     

产品责任之构成要件的比较研究——兼评我国产品责任相关立法

产品责任之构成要件是指具备哪些条件时产品制造商才必须承担责任。目前我国尚没有一个完整的产品责任法律体系,探究产品责任之构成要件,重新审视我国现行立法,构建一个具有中国特色同时与国际接轨的中国产品责任法律框架,已成为摆在我们面前的一个亟待解决的任务。     

Chief executive officers and voluntary environmental performance: Costa Rica's certification for sustainable tourism

This study evaluates whether the education, environmental expertise, and nationality of firms' chief executive officers (CEOs) are associated with greater participation and environmental performance in a voluntary environmental program implemented in a developing nation. Specifically, we collected data from the Certification for Sustainable Tourism (CST) program, a voluntary initiative aimed at promoting beyond-compliance environmental performance by hotels operating in Costa Rica. Our findings suggest that CEOs' level of formal education and environmental expertise appear to be significantly associated with higher corporate participation in voluntary programs and also with higher beyond-compliance environmental performance ratings. Contrary to conventional expectations, CEOs from industrialized countries (as opposed to developing countries) do not appear to show a statistically significant association with participation in the CST program and with higher beyond-compliance environmental performance.     

粤港澳大湾区养老服务业协同发展研究

养老服务业协同发展有利于粤港澳大湾区深层次融合,保障老年人养老权益的实现和促进经济社会全面发展。大湾区养老服务业在资源禀赋方面存在互补关系,且三地政府也注重在养老服务领域开展合作。但当前的合作中存在着发展水平较低、制度间协调不足和专门合作机制缺位等问题。在协同发展理论指导下,粤港澳大湾区养老服务业合作的重点是打破发展过程中的体制、机制障碍。对此建议制定协同发展规划、创新协同治理机制、提升养老服务法治化水平和加强新兴养老服务领域合作。     

贵州民族古籍文献抢救整理的紧迫性与对策研究

贵州少数民族古籍文献资源极为丰富,但面临着流失和失传的危险,因此,要提高对抢救民族古籍文献紧迫性的认识,加大征集工作的力度,建立数据库,加大经费投入,建立专业队伍,并做好少数民族古籍的宣传和利用工作。     

新公共管理语境下的服务型警务构建

新公共管理理论源于西方各国政府改革的实践，是一种新的公共行政理论和管理模式。其基本思想为：政府的管理职能是掌舵，应当以顾客为导向，引入市场竞争机制，适当分权，让公众参与管理，并且对政府管理行为进行绩效评价。这些理论对公安机关的警务工作具有一定适用性，以新公共管理理论为指导。构建服务型警务模式的路径选择有：科学定位职能，突显警务模式的服务性；构建参与式警务模式，实现警民共治；借鉴“3E”思想，强化绩效评估和成本效益；引入市场竞争机制，推进警务社会化：建立健全监督机制，推行阳光警务。