产权残缺、土地分置与农村治理模式——一个解释当前中国农村治理效应的理论框架

农村民主自治成功与否将对我国社会民主进程产生深远的影响。农村自治中各种力量的博弈使其形成四种不同的治理模式,现实中农村治理失效问题（“两委冲突”和“监管失位”）存在于不同的治理模式之中,但其根源并不在治理结构和治理模式本身,而是源于土地利益。不同的土地分置方式意味着利益的不同分配,作为利益相关者的上级政府的介入,导致农村原有治理模式的改变和治理结构的失衡。政府的合法介入又源于农村土地的“产权残缺”。因此认清农村土地“产权残缺”问题并在法律和政治框架下进行解决,实行土地有效分置才是根本。最后给出三个粤东农村土地分置和治理模式的案例分析,对结论有一定支撑作用。     

中美在缅甸问题上的分歧与合作展望

缅甸资源丰富、战略位置重要。1988年军政府再次接管政权以来,缅甸民主化一直是国际热点问题之一,不仅影响着缅甸与美欧关系,也牵动着中美的地区利益。中美涉缅利益各异,在处理缅甸问题的方式上也存在较大分歧,在国际场合发生争议。不过,从2011年开始,缅甸开启广泛的政治经济改革,美缅关系明显改善,双方少了很多对抗色彩,中美在缅甸问题上的沟通也在增加。未来,随着美国"重返"亚太战略的逐步走实,缅甸在美国外交格局中的重要性增加。随着中美在缅利益的拓展,两国应在缅甸问题上增加协调与合作,既要以合适方式帮助缅甸尽快摆脱贫穷落后状态,又要防止缅甸成为中美在东南亚的战略角力点。     

东盟-海合会经贸合作关系：现状、基础及特点

东盟与海合会之间从早期的零散经济接触发展到深入的以＂粮食换石油＂为核心内容框架、多类商品贸易为基础的经贸合作领域;在此过程之中,东盟和海合会内部分别建立了自由贸易区和共同市场,并且建立东盟-海合会自由贸易区开始成为双方的共识,新加坡-海合会自由贸易区的建立以及随之而来马来西亚的诉求可以视作渐进式推进东盟与海合会关系发展的具体步骤。不仅如此,东盟与海合会之间的制度建设也取得重大进展,双方部长级会议已经成型,互派大使也将实现。所有这些对于进一步保障东盟和海合会的安全利益有着切实的积极意义。东盟-海合会自由贸易区未来的建立将会成为全球诸多自由贸易区之间相互连接的重要一环。     

脱落毛发及毛干DNA的STR分型研究

目的探讨脱落毛发及毛干细胞核DNA提取、含量和STR分型问题。方法对脱落毛发或毛干进行DNA提取和定量,使用低扩增体系、增加循环次数和多次平行扩增等方法扩增DNA样本,采用叠加比较的方法分析STR分型。结果15cm脱落毛发样品DNA含量大于0．3ng的样品占52．8％,STR分型成功率为55．6％;15cm毛干样品DNA含量大于0．3ng的样品占30．6％,STR分型成功率为25％。结论采用增加循环次数、多次平行扩增等LCN—STR分型方法和Mini—STR试剂盒有助于脱落毛发及毛千的STR基因座分型获得。     

What can we learn from analyzing historical data on social security entitlements?

We use data from Social Security administrative records to examine the lifetime patterns of initial entitlement to retired-worker and Disability Insurance (DI) benefits across cohorts born in different years. Breaking out age-at-entitlement patterns for different birth-year cohorts reveals close adherence in entitlement ages to changes in program rules, such as increasing the full retirement age. The proportion of a cohort that becomes newly entitled to DI benefits rises noticeably during recessions and at ages 50 and 55, and cumulative entitlement rate patterns show that more recent cohorts rely increasingly on DI benefits in their late 30s and 40s.     

同一制与区别制的对立及解释

同一制与区别制是涉外继承法律适用的两种基本制度选项。从历史基础和继承法律关系性质出发进行考察,同一制较之区别制具有理论优势。《涉外民事关系法律适用法》富有特色地划分法定继承和遗嘱继承的法律适用,前者采用区别制,后者采用同一制。但区别制与同一制简明的立法结构的表象背后,各自隐藏着一系列难以具体规范的复杂问题。无论是最高人民法院未来制定司法解释,还是法官在个案中适用涉外继承冲突规则,都应遵循的基本思路是:区别制的制度运行有时需要同一制的思维方式作为补充,同一制的制度运行需要格外注意不动产所在地法的积极作用。     

A comparative study on the concentrations of 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THCCOOH) in head and pubic hair

In this study, the concentrations of 11-nor-Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THCCOOH) in pubic, axillary and beard hair were measured and the correlation between the concentrations of THCCOOH in head and pubic hair from same cannabis users were evaluated. The papers on body hair analysis for THCCOOH were rarely found although police officers submit body hair as a complimentary specimen to forensic laboratories in case cannabis users had no hair. Head, pubic, axillary, and beard hair were collected. All hair samples were cut into 0.5mm segments and decontaminated with methanol, digested with 1 mL of 1M NaOH at 85 °C for 30 min and extracted in 2 mL of n-hexane:ethyl acetate (9:1) two times after adding 1 mL of 0.1N sodium acetate buffer (pH = 4.5) and 200 μL of acetic acid followed by derivatization with 50 μL of PFPA and 25 μL of PFPOH for 30 min at 70 °C. The extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry operating in negative chemical ionization mode (GC/MS/MS-NCI). We determined the concentrations of THCCOOH in both pubic and head hair. The concentrations of THCCOOH in pubic hair were higher than those in head hair. We also evaluated the concentrations of THCCOOH in body hair (pubic, axillary and beard hair) and head hair according to the positive/negative urine test results. There was no statistically significant difference in the concentrations of THCCOOH in head and body hair according to urine results.     

朝核问题:内在逻辑与中国的外交政策选择

2010年以来,朝鲜半岛局势风云迭起、动荡加剧,成为朝核危机的又一场续曲.从20世纪50年代末开始,朝核问题的发展大致经历了冷战、爆发、升级和僵持固化四个阶段.朝核问题是冷战遗产、安全保障和朝鲜国家发展战略三位一体的宏大工程.为了实现既定目标,朝鲜依然愿意选择在关键时刻做出重大让步.但从长远看,朝鲜核战略已经明显呈现双轨化倾向.未来朝鲜半岛安全形势将受朝核问题的发展、美国的对朝政策、朝鲜国内政局以及国际社会的应对等要素的重要影响.中国与朝鲜半岛利益攸关,在朝鲜半岛新一轮危机到来之前应该调整好外交政策,做好应对.     

Thermal development of latent fingermarks on porous surfaces—Further observations and refinements

In a further study of the thermal development of fingermarks on paper and similar surfaces, it is demonstrated that direct contact heating of the substrate using coated or ceramic surfaces at temperatures in excess of 230 °C produces results superior to those obtained using hot air. Fingermarks can also be developed in this way on other cellulose-based substrates such as wood and cotton fabric, though ridge detail is difficult to obtain in the latter case. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicates that the phenomena observed during the thermal development of fingermarks can be reproduced simply by heating untreated white copy paper or filter paper, or these papers treated with solutions of sodium chloride or alanine. There is no evidence to suggest that the observed fluorescence of fingermarks heated on paper is due to a reaction of fingermark constituents on or with the paper. Instead, we maintain that the ridge contrast observed first as fluorescence, and later as brown charring, is simply an acceleration of the thermal degradation of the paper. Thermal degradation of cellulose, a major constituent of paper and wood, is known to give rise to a fluorescent product if sufficient oxygen is available [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. However, the absence of atmospheric oxygen has only a slight effect on the thermal development of fingermarks, indicating that there is sufficient oxygen already present in paper to allow the formation of the fluorescent and charred products. In a depletion study comparing thermal development of fingermarks on paper with development using ninhydrin, the thermal technique was found to be as sensitive as ninhydrin for six out of seven donors. When thermal development was used in sequence with ninhydrin and DFO, it was found that only fingermarks that had been developed to the fluorescent stage (a few seconds of heating) could subsequently be developed with the other reagents. In the reverse sequence, no useful further development was noted for fingermarks that were treated thermally after having been developed with ninhydrin or DFO. Aged fingermarks, including marks from 1-year-old university examination papers were successfully developed using the thermal technique.     

Chemical signature of ecstasy volatiles by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

A method for ecstasy volatiles 'signature' analysis based on two-dimensional gas chromatography separation and time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection (GC×GC-TOFMS) is presented. Organic impurity volatiles were extracted by head space solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The final column phase choice of the four different column combinations tested was a low-polarity 5% phenyl polysilphenylene-siloxane coupled with a polyethylene glycol phase, which best displayed the complex impurity profile. Second dimension ((2)D) retention time reproducibility was found to be about 1% RSD, and area reproducibility of SPME sampling was just over 5% RSD for compounds with S/N ratio of about 100. High similarity of TOFMS spectra of impurities was obtained against commercial MS libraries. 16 components from the two-dimensional profiles were selected for comparison of the 24 ecstasy tablets, most of which proved to be benzodioxole derived compounds. All tablets were correctly classified in eight groups according to their post-tabletting characteristics, when appropriate data pre-treatment was applied. Principal component analysis revealed clustering of samples according to the country of origin. Samples from Macedonia were elevated in N-formyl-MDMA and N-acetyl-MDMA while samples from Australia were elevated in 3,4-methylenedioxypropane and 3,4-methylenedioxyacetophenone. Furthermore, three components were found to be unique for one of the source countries. The additional separation of components on the (2)D column, increased response due to modulation, high acquisition rate with full mass spectra using TOFMS detection, and MS deconvolution extend the possibility of detecting additional markers and route-specific components, especially of low abundant, polar components.