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161.
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163.
Bite marks in human skin may be found to have been so forcefully made that the skin surface has been disrupted; the marks have become skin lesions. In the following, a case is reported in which such lesions were found on the back of a victim of assault. The dental examiners found it necessary to arrange for a series of simulated bites to be made in order to obtain adequate material for comparison. 相似文献
164.
Rasmussen EM Sørensen E Eriksen B Larsen HJ Morling N 《Forensic science international》2002,129(3):209-213
We describe a method to obtain reliable mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences downstream of the homopolymeric stretches with length heteroplasmy in the sequencing direction. The method is based on the use of junction primers that bind to a part of the homopolymeric stretch and the first 2-4 bases downstream of the homopolymeric region. This junction primer method gave clear and unambiguous results using samples from 21 individuals with length heteroplasmy in the hypervariable regions HV1, HV2 or both. The method is of special value for forensic casework, because sequencing of both strands of an mtDNA region is preferable in order to reduce ambiguities in sequence determination. 相似文献
165.
The Group of 77 in the international climate negotiations: recent developments and future directions
Sjur Kasa Anne T. Gullberg Gørild Heggelund 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2008,8(2):113-127
First, we describe and analyze the main set of G77 positions in the climate negotiations and the dynamics behind the emergence
of these positions. While it is puzzling that the G77 has managed to maintain itself as a group in spite of internal differences
along variables as prosperity, emissions and vulnerability to climate change, we claim that a core element behind this cohesion
is that these countries share domestic governance problems as much as poverty and economic underdevelopment. Second, we discuss
how recent trends of economic and political development in the third world influence the climate policy strategies of the
G77 group in the future. The main factor here is the economicand social progress in states like China, India and Brazil, which
separates them from the poorer and less powerful G77 states. Increasing heterogeneity along variables like governance, growth,
and importance for the international economy is creating an increasing drive among the most successful G77 states towards
bilateral agreements with industrialised powers. We do not foresee a departure from traditional G77 positions and membership
by these states in the official climate negotiations or a departure from the Kyoto process, but an increasing reliance on
bilateral agreements with industrialized countries that link considerations for energy security and the environment. The ability
to gain these advantages without commitments may make these states less interested in adopting commitments for the post-Kyoto
period. This is unfortunate for the LDCs and the AOSIS groups within the G77, who probably are most vulnerable to climate
change.
相似文献
Sjur KasaEmail: |
166.
Christian F. Rostbøll 《Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy》2019,22(1):55-70
AbstractContemporary ‘realists’ attack the Kantian influence on political philosophy. A main charge is that Kantians fail to understand the specificity of politics and neglect to develop a ‘distinctively political thought’ that differs from moral philosophy. Instead, the critics say, Kantians are guilty of an ‘ethics-first approach to politics,’ in which political theory is a mere application of moral principles. But what does this ethics-first approach have to do with Kant himself? Very little. This article shows how Kant’s approach to political theory at a fundamental level includes political institutions, power, and coercion as well as disagreement, security, and coordination problems. In contrast to realists, Kant has a fundamental principle, which can explain why and guide how we ought to approach the political question, namely the norm of equal freedom. Yet, Kant’s theory does not take the form of a moralistic ought addressed to the isolated individual, but concerns a problem that we share as interdependent beings and that requires common institutions. The fruitfulness of the Kantian approach, then, is that it can take the political question seriously without being uncritical of actual politics and power, and that it can be normative without being moralistic. 相似文献
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168.
Provisions for a parliamentary investiture vote have become increasingly common in parliamentary democracies. This article shows that investiture provisions were largely introduced when new constitutions were written or old ones fundamentally redesigned. It also shows that the constitutions that endowed executives with strong legislative agenda powers also endowed parliaments with strong mechanisms to select the executive. It is argued that constitution makers’ decisions can be seen in principal–agent terms: strong investiture rules constitute an ex ante mechanism of parliamentary control – that is, a mechanism to minimise adverse selection and reduce the risk of agency loss by parliament. The findings have two broad implications: from a constitutional point of view, parliamentary systems do not rely exclusively on ex post control mechanisms such as the no confidence vote to minimise agency loss; parliamentarism, at least today and as much as presidentialism, is the product of conscious constitutional design and not evolutionary adaptation. 相似文献
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170.
Information is at the heart of politics. However, since information is always sent by someone who is more or less powerful, it is difficult to disentangle the effect of information from the power of the sender. Drawing on a standard model of attitude formation, we argue that presenting information can affect preferences of politicians regardless of the power of the sender. We test this proposition in a survey experiment with 1205 Danish local politicians in which the experimental groups were presented with varying levels of cost information but where sender remained constant. The experiment shows that even in a setting where the information is not disclosed by a powerful sender, information may have a stronger impact on political preferences than other well-known determinants such as committee and party affiliation. Our findings speak to learning theories, knowledge perspectives and the literature on the determinants of politicians’ preferences. 相似文献