Characteristics and trends of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) tablets found in Taiwan from 2002 to February 2005

One hundred and eighty-one 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) containing tablets were sampled from confiscated drugs received by the Taiwan National Bureau of Controlled Drugs for testing from 2002 to February 2005. Sample tablets demonstrated various colors and logos. The appearances, contents of MDMA and other components in these tablets were analyzed in order to understand the characteristics and trends of MDMA use. Samples were analyzed using GC-MS methodology. Deuterated internal standards were used for drug quantification. The MDMA contents varied from 16 to 193 mg/tablet. 66-71% of the tablets seized each year contained only MDMA, and the content of MDMA in MDMA only tablets varied from 89 to 133 mg/tablet. There was a decreasing trend in MDMA content in these tablets over time. Other components commonly found besides MDMA included caffeine (18%), methamphetamine (7%), 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) (7%) and amphetamine (4%). 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), ketamine, ephedrine, diazepam, chlorzoxazone and nicotinamide were also detected. During the study period, the number of other drugs found as well as the combinations of different drugs detected in these tablets increased.     

中国传统法的忆与思——评林咏荣《中国法制史》

林咏荣先生所著《中国法制史》采用了广义法制说。他认为,中国法制史不仅在于记述中国过去的法律及由法律所形成的制度,而且要通过考察其沿革,分析其得失及其因果关系,以古为镜,以古明今。《中国法制史》包含了三方面内容,即法制史的分期、传统法的效力渊源、传统法的组成部分等。林咏荣先生倡导研究法制史要注意三种方法,一要关注史实以及史论的正确性,二是研究中国法制史要强调整体性,三要注重探讨研究中国法制史的可能性功效。林咏荣先生的《中国法制史》是台湾法制史学者的重要论著,其结构、内容、立场及研究方法等方面都表现了我国台湾学者在中国法制史研究上的阶段性特征。     

Divergence and Convergence in the Law of Contractual Penalties and Liquidated Damages Clauses in England,Singapore, and Malaysia

Liverpool Law Review - Contracts often make provision for the remedies available upon breach, i.e., by providing for a sum or stipulation available to either party upon breach by the other (an...     

无权处分场合买卖合同的效力与权利瑕疵担保

《民法典》第597条第1款的主要规范目的是,无权处分不影响买卖合同的效力。只要承认权利人的追认会产生所有权变动的效果,就适宜承认存在效力未定的处分行为。区分负担行为和处分行为,在解释论上具有可取之处。在传统债法上,无权处分致使给付不能的,存在适用债务不履行责任抑或权利瑕疵担保责任的争论,两方面规定在构成要件上有实质区别。我国《民法典》合同编实行救济进路,第三人享有所有权、抵押权等权利致使所有权不能转移的,当事人可以选择适用《民法典》第597条第1款或第612条,两者在违约责任的构成要件和效果上并无实质区别。《民法典》第612条中规定的第三人“享有权利”文义范围较窄,应当对其进行目的论扩张,将第三人“过去享有权利”且主张权利的一些情形纳入其中;即使买受人构成善意取得,仍可认定出卖人违反权利瑕疵担保义务。     

多巴胺D3受体对安非他明诱导的条件性位置偏爱小鼠的作用

目的研究多巴胺D3受体对安非他明条件性位置偏爱小鼠的作用。方法采用条件性位置偏爱系统,观察腹腔注射安非他明前后多巴胺D3受体基因敲除小鼠(D3RKO)及具有相同遗传背景的野生型小鼠(C57BL/6)的位置偏爱效应,采用SPSS13.0统计软件包对实验数据进行两因素重复测量方差分析以及显著性检验。结果安非他明(5mg/kg)能使D3RKO小鼠产生明显的条件性位置偏爱效应,给药前、后以及同生理盐水对照组相比均有显著性差异(P<0.001),而C57BL/6小鼠没有形成明显条件性位置偏爱效应(P>0.05)。结论多巴胺D3受体基因敲除后可以使小鼠对安非他明产生明显条件性位置偏爱效应,提示多巴胺D3受体基因可能对安非他明依赖性形成具有抑制性作用。     

论任意侦查标准之构建

如何区分任意侦查与强制侦查是侦查研究中最为基础的问题之一,同时也是任意侦查原则与强制侦查法定主义研究中最为核心的问题。有关任意侦查的界限与标准,在日本学界先后存在"有形力说"、"侵犯权益说"、"综合判断说"等不同观点,美国经同意搜查规则中对"同意"的认定则为日本诸种学说有益的补充。对于任意侦查的界限与标准应从主观与客观两个方面进行构建。     

Can canines alone be used for age estimation in Chinese individuals when applying the Kvaal method?

Due to the secondary dentin formation, the dental pulp undergoes changes in shape throughout life. Based on this phenomenon, the Kvaal method has been applied to various populations for age estimation, and its usefulness has been verified. When applying the Kvaal method to Chinese subjects, we observed a relatively strong correlation between mandibular canines and age. This study notes the correlation between canines and chronological age and is the first to identify which canine is most closely related to chronological age. In addition, a new, simpler formula is determined based on canines according to Kvaal’s methodology. The radiographs of 360 individuals from northern China were selected, from which the widths and lengths of the pulp from four canines were measured according to the Kvaal method. Next, inter- and intra-observer reliabilities were analyzed in order to assess the repeatability of these measurements. The correlation between measurements and age was examined, and Chinese-specific age estimation formulae were derived. The results revealed that the ratios from the left maxillary canine exhibited the strongest correlation with age compared to the other canines, whereas the left mandibular canine showed the weakest correlation, which may contribute to the overall poor correlation of mandibular canines with age. What’s more, the formula derived from the left maxillary canine in this study displayed the highest coefficients of determination, and the formula derived from all canines showed the lowest residuals. Both of these formulae performed better than the Chinese-specific formula derived from six different types of teeth in our previous study, which had formerly possessed the highest coefficients of determination and the lowest residuals. Thus, we concluded that canines do play an important role in age estimation in the Chinese population, and the correlation between maxillary canines and chronological age is stronger than that of mandibular canines, although no distinct trend as to which side is better correlated with age was established. Going forward, we recommend the analysis of additional samples from different geographical regions and populations to further verify the importance of canines in age estimation.     

醇溶蛋白在人工胃肠液中降解性及其对苦参碱释药行为的影响

目的对醇溶蛋白在人工胃肠液中的降解性，以及其作为缓控释材料对苦参碱的缓释行为进行研究。方法以醇溶蛋白空白片在胃肠液中的质量减少率、降解率考察其在人工胃肠液中的降解性。用紫外分光光度法测定苦参碱缓释片在人工肠液中体外释放度。结果醇溶蛋白在人工胃肠液中随着时间的延长质量减少率和降解率也随之增大，且质量减少率滞后于降解率。苦参碱缓释片在人工肠液体外24h累计释放度为93．15％，体外释药模型拟合符合Higuchi方程。结论醇溶蛋白在人工胃肠液具有降解性，醇溶蛋白对苦参碱有很好的缓释效果。     

川芎嗪口服油包油微乳的研制及大鼠体内药物代谢动力学研究

目的 制备川芎嗪口服油包油(oil/oil, O/O)微乳,提高川芎嗪口服生物利用度.方法 在本课题组前期对O/O型非水微乳所做的共性构建的基础上,将川芎嗪制成川芎嗪O/O型口服微乳制剂,研究其在大鼠体内的药物代谢动力学特点.结果制备的川芎嗪O/O型口服微乳平均粒径为48.2 nm,基本成球形,大小分布较为均匀;川芎嗪...     

中国检察教育培训制度的发展与完善

经过30余年的发展,中国检察教育培训制度逐步走上了制度化、规范化发展的轨道,检察教育培训工作取得了显著成绩,但是科学化的水平还较低,还存在制度不健全、不完善、机制不科学等问题。完善检察教育培训制度,需要加强检察教育培训的改革创新,积极推进培训体制、运行机制、内容方式、师资队伍和宏观管理改革。