虚拟财产的法律性质论析——从游戏商与玩家对待虚拟财产的态度谈起

玩家们基本上都认为虚拟财产应定位为合法的、允许玩家之间进行现金性交易的"物品";但游戏商们部分持完全不支持态度、部分持中立态度,但没有游戏商公开支持虚拟财产的合法性定位.原因何在?笔者欲在本文中对于虚拟财产的法律性质作一个探讨.我们不可否认虚拟财产具有知识产权性质的属性.但笔者认为,虚拟财产法律性质的根本点不应在于虚拟财产体现为一定的FLASH表现形式时的性质.在对虚拟财产的性质作出法律界定时,一方面可以肯定作为游戏商与玩家服务合同中涉及的虚拟财产具有债权的性质,另一方面应注意到玩家与玩家之间交易的虚拟财产的特殊性.对于这一特殊性,笔者认为,应将其作为一项区别于物权、债权、知识产权的特殊财产形式以示区分.将玩家与玩家之间交易的虚拟财产定位于合法财产也完全有法律依据.     

国有资本控制公司中国家工作人员刑法甄别疑难问题研究

国家出资公司中国家工作人员的身份确认不限于委派,更应强调国有资本代表权的授予。任命主体也不限于国有单位,国有资本控股、参股公司可以对国有资本运作的公务权力授权。国有资本控制公司中具有双重身份人员的主体认定,实际上无法根据其利用职务便利的性质进行研判,而应从国有资本是否实际受到侵蚀或实际损害的结果角度予以审视。     

4个miniSTR基因座复合扩增体系及应用

目的构建D6S474、D20S482、D4S2408、D6S1017等4个miniSTR基因座复合扩增体系,评价其对腐败检材的应用价值,调查4个基因座在汉族人群中的遗传多态性。方法采用不同荧光标记4个miniSTR基因座上游引物,构建复合扩增体系。用分子克隆方法制备等位基因分型标准物。采用上述体系对135份汉族无关个体血样进行检测,并计算群体遗传学参数。比较该体系与ID试剂盒在降解检材分析中的成功率。结果采用本文复合扩增体系检测,汉族人群中4个基因座基因型频率分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律,累积个人识别能力为0.999 666,累积非父排除率为0.914 902。本文体系较ID试剂盒对自然腐败检材的分型成功率更高。结论 4个miniSTR基因座复合扩增体系对法庭科学实践,特别是对腐败检材的检测有应用价值。     

蛋白酶K-Chelex100法提取肋软骨DNA技术的优化

目的优化蛋白酶K的用量和消化时间,用于提取肋软骨DNA。方法 30份肋软骨样本各取大小为0.2cm×0.3cm×0.4cm的软骨块5份,分别编为A～E组。采用不同蛋白酶K用量和消化时间的Chelex100方法,提取5组各30份软骨块DNA,进行DNA定量、采用Sinofiler试剂盒扩增后进行电泳检测,采用非参数检验法比较检验成功率。结果 A～E组样本中采用加入2μL蛋白酶K并消化30min的D组方法成功率最高(96.7%),组间差异具有统计学意义。结论采用蛋白酶K-Chelex100方法,选择加入2μL蛋白酶K,消化30min可有效提高肋软骨DNA分型检验成功率。     

诱惑性侦查比较研究

诱惑性侦查违背了罪刑法定原则,违反了刑事诉讼的被动性和程序正义理念,并且通过诱惑性侦查所取得的证据是非法证据。因而,原则上应当禁止诱惑性侦查。但是,为了打击犯罪的需要,在例外情况下,可以允许有条件地使用诱惑性侦查手段。     

论我国司法官选任制度的完善

司法是社会正义的最后防线,司法正义的实现必须拥有一批高素质的司法官队伍。在构建我国司法官选任制度时,应当借鉴法治发达国家的有益经验和做法,提高司法官任职的最低学历条件,明确司法官的法律职业经验要求,完善国家司法考试制度,强调司法官的品行操守,建立司法官任职培训制度,完善司法官的选任机制和程序。     

泰国南疆地区暴力袭击活动的特点及成因分析

本文从泰国南疆地区暴力袭击活动的特点着手,对暴力袭击的手法、目标、时间、地点等因素进行归类分析,并与国际恐怖主义袭击的特点进行比较,从多角度探讨该地区暴力袭击持续多年并无法平息的原因。本文认为,泰国南疆地区持续动乱的原因非常复杂,不是单一因素作用的结果,它缘于民族分离主义运动,但却又受制于泰国国内政治、经济等因素。只要泰国的国内政治形态没有变化,国外势力没有进一步介入,南疆动乱仍将持续,但却不会产生从量变到质的变化。     

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Terrorist Attacks by ETA 1970 to 2007

Rational choice perspectives maintain that seemingly irrational behavior on the part of terrorist organizations may nevertheless reflect strategic planning. In this paper we examine spatial and temporal patterns of terrorist attacks by the Spanish group ETA between 1970 and 2007. Our analysis is guided by a public announcement by ETA in 1978 that the group would shift from emphasizing attacks in the Basque territory to instead launch attacks more widely in the hopes of exhausting the Spanish government and forcing it to abandon the Basque territory. This announcement suggests that prior to the end of 1978 ETA attacks were based mostly on controlling territory in the Basque region that they hoped to rule; and after 1978 the organization decided to instead undertake a prolonged war of attrition. Accordingly, we argue that before the end of 1978 ETA was mostly perpetrating control attacks (attacking only within the Basque territories) and that the diffusion of attacks between provinces was mostly contagious (spreading contiguously). After the 1978 proclamation, we argue that the attack strategy shifted toward attrition (attacking in areas outside of the Basque territories) and that the attacks were more likely to diffuse hierarchically (spreading to more distant locations). As predicted, we find that after ETA moved toward a more attrition based attack strategy, subsequent attacks were significantly more likely to occur outside the Basque region and to target non-adjacent regions (consistent with hierarchical diffusion). We also find that hierarchical diffusion was more common when a longer time elapsed between attacks (a likely consequence of the fact that more distant attacks require more resources and planning) and that attacks against Madrid were unlikely to be followed immediately by more attacks on Madrid or surrounding provinces. After ETA announced a shift in policy, they maintained a highly dispersed attack strategy even during their period of decline. Using information about where and when prior attacks occurred could provide useful information for policy makers countering groups like ETA.     

广告语:短句中的法律复杂性

广告语涉及众多复杂的法律问题。广告语具有可版权性的特点,表达量并非独创性的决定性因素,相反,文字的简洁性恰好是独创性的表现;高度提炼后的表达,不能简单地归为思想的范畴。广告语及其组成片段具有识别功能,一旦获得第二含义,即具有保护的必要性。对广告语的侵犯关涉竞争秩序,运用一般条款进行商业伦理的判断,有利于保护广告语。     

技术措施保护的隐私权限制

版权人通过技术措施收集个人身份信息,跟踪监测作品使用行为,甚至进入电脑系统进行私力技术救济,给消费者的信息隐私带来严重的威胁。为此,我国应规定技术措施不得具有隐私侵害性,限制技术措施的信息收集范围和收集方式,赋予消费者规避侵害隐私的技术措施的权利,规范版权人对消费者信息的处理利用规则。