法律实证主义的问题意识

法律实证主义作为西方法哲学史上与自然法学派相对立的思想流派.始终饱受误解和质疑.法律实证主义的"问题意识"是深入领会其良苦用心和精神实质的关键.自然法学派与法律实证主义的法律观都具有批判与保守、灵活与随意、确定与僵化的两面性.法律实证主义以"形式正义"取代"实质正义",以"合法性"诠释"正当性",是对自然法的绝对性、抽象性、不确定性等形而上学固有缺陷深刻认识的结果,反映了法律实证主义深刻的问题意识.因之,法律实证主义在实践上具有更稳健、妥切、现实的品格.法律实证主义以特殊的方式理解和处理了正当性观念,它与自然法学派的关系与其说是本体论上的对立,不如说是认识论和方法论上的发展、补充和超越,由此二者才能共同支撑和维护西方法治文明的大厦.     

论医疗过失的证明及举证责任

医疗过失就是医疗机构及医务人员未尽必要注意义务的疏忽和懈怠。对医疗过失进行分类,可以借鉴法国对医疗过错的分类方法,分为医疗技术过失和医疗伦理过失。目前在司法实践中不分青红皂白一律实行完全的过失推定,是有局限性的,应当改进。对于医疗技术过失,应当实行谁主张谁举证的原则,由原告举证,但在原告举证极为困难的情况下,实行举证责任缓和,实行有条件的过失推定;对于医疗伦理过失,则实行过错推定原则,实行完全的过失推定。     

Corporate crime: State-owned enterprises in China

Conclusion A decade ago, the Chinese leadership frankly acknowledged that the model of a fully planned economy, with its system of state-owned and state-run enterprises, was what Lenin had called a bureaucratic dream. 86 Today, state-owned enterprises are enjoying far more freedom to operate, and the state is trying to control them with more law and fewer plans. The use of criminal law to confront corporate crime is part of the effort to import advanced management methods from the West. Nonetheless, in the context of state ownership and Party leadership, the appropriateness of this approach is questionable.The Company Law is a new instrument to bring about fundamental changes in China's system of business organizations. These changes will help determine the scope and limits of criminal law, as applied to corporate enterprises, in the next decade. In this context, I would suggest replacing the concept ofdanwei crime with the concept of corporate or company (gongsi) crime; distinguishing thosefaren that can independently bear criminal liability from those that cannot; and clearly defining the elements of corporate offenses. Corporate criminal liability is a concept applicable when the corporation not only commits the crime but also has the legal capacity to be liable in its own right. Individual liability is still the sole principle applicable to a government agency, even if the crime is collectively committed.Given the historic context of China's socioeconomic reform, criminal law reform can advance only gradually. To insure that Western concepts fit the Chinese setting, lawmakers must make certain that every new criminal statute or regulation is enforceable even where enterprises remain closely interconnected with the state and decision-makers in publicly owned enterprises are mainly appointees of the state.I gratefully acknowledge the invitation of Daniel Prefontaine, Director of the International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and of the Hon. Josiah Wood of the British Columbia Court of Appeal, to present an earlier version of this essay at the eighth international conference of the Society for the Reform of Criminal Law, Hong Kong, December 4–8, 1994. Thanks are also due to Madeleine Sann, Director of Publication,Criminal Law Forum, for her excellent editorial comments.Postgraduate Diploma of Legal Studies, ECIPSL 1984, LL.M., Shanghai Academy of Social Science 1985; Ph.D. candidate, Simon Fraser University.     

Study on the application of parent-of-origin specific DNA methylation markers to forensic genetics

In paternity test, especially in motherless cases, the allele inherited from father (obligatory gene, OG) often cannot be determined. The paternity exclusion probability (PE) of a genetic marker is reduced considerably. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new technique, by which the parental origin of alleles can be determined without genealogical analysis. In this paper, we explored the possibility of using parent-of-origin specific DNA methylation markers to determine the parental origin of alleles, choosing the imprinted single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) locus rs220028 (A/G) as a model system. We typed the SNP by mutagenically separated PCR (MS-PCR). The frequencies of alleles were A = 0.5085, G = 0.4915; the unbiased heterozygosity was 0.5020. In order to discriminate between the maternal allele and paternal allele, post-digestion MS-PCR, a novel PCR based methylation analysis and SNP typing technique was developed and performed on 18 heterozygous children, and the methylated maternal allele was detected specifically. As a pilot study on the use of epigenetic markers in forensic genetics, our results demonstrated the feasibility of using parent-of-origin specific DNA methylation markers to determine the parental origin of alleles.     

职务作品和法人作品

一、职务作品的概念及法律特征(一)职务作品的概念关于职务作品的概念,我国《著作权法》第十六条规定:"公民为完成法人或其他组织工作任务所创作的作品是职务作品。"根据《中华人民共和国著作权法实施条例》第十一条,著作权法关于职务作品的规定     

与知识产权有关的权利冲突协调原则之理论基础

“在近代法律的全部发展过程中法院、立法者和法学家们虽然很可能缺乏关于正在做的事情的明确理论,但是他们在一种明确的实际目的本能支配之下,都在从事寻求对各种冲突的和重迭的利益的实际调整和协调方法,以及(在不可能作得更多时)进行实际的妥协。”实际上,在与知识产权有关的权利冲突问题上,立法上已经有了不少协调冲突的制度,法官也针对具体的个案运用实践的智慧解决了一些权利冲突,学者们也纷纷提出了消解权利冲突的见解。这些努力的成效是显著的,但是,无论是哪一方都还不能指出一条比较圆满的解决问题的进路。下文将对前人的经验做一体系化的总结和归纳,并尝试着贡献笔者的一点思路,希望对问题的解决有所助益。     

维护自由贸易与保护知识产权权利的内在冲突和司法考量之进路

世贸组织的根本宗旨是推动全球贸易的自由化,逐步减少和消除阻碍贸易发展的壁垒。保护附加于商品上的知识产权(特别是商标权、专利权)在一定条件下会阻碍自由贸易发展。针对如何看待和协调WTO一系列框架文本中消除贸易壁垒和保护与贸易有关的知识产权协定的关系,从世贸组织的相关法律文本出发,通过我国法律和欧盟的典型判例来实证分析研究上述问题,并总结欧盟司法经验,揭示在保护知识产权的基本原则下,运用比例关系测试法就具体个案衡平考量解决两者冲突的司法进路。     

中美警务技能战术教学训练之比较

加强中美警察在警务技能战术教学训练的研究,对中美警察警务技能与战术的课程设置、教学内容及训练方法、教官队伍建设等多方面加以比较,提出学习美国警察在警务技能战术教学训练方面先进的经验和做法,以促进我国警察在技能战术教学训练方面的发展     

羁押救济制度研究——基于人权视角的分析

我国刑事诉讼中的羁押救济制度属于行政救济.基于人权视角进行分析尚存在明显的缺陷,我国应当确立司法审查制度,同时建立程序性制裁机制,完善律师帮助权制度.