后冷战时期的国家领土完整原则与人民自决原则

国家领土完整原则和人民自决原则在当代国际法中均占有重要的地位.冷战后,自决原则的进一步发展使之与分离权的联系日趋密切,在殖民主义之外,单方面分离权挑战国家领土完整原则,但包括分离权的自决原则并没有成为实在国际法规范.为避免这两项原则之间的对立冲突,应当使自决原则的适用受到领土完整原则的限制;而在国内,一国应切实保障少数民族的自治权.     

《资本论》的"以人为本"观

<资本论>是"以人为本"的科学理论.它在市场经济的物与物的关系面前,第一次科学地揭示了人与人的关系.<资本论>创立的科学的商品范畴、货币范畴、劳动力商品范畴、资本范畴、地租范畴、人的全面发展规律等理论,对我国的"以人为本"的理论和实践都具有现实指导意义.     

Genetic polymorphisms for 11 Y-STRs haplotypes of Chinese Yi ethnic minority group

Eleven Y-STRs loci including minimal haplotypes (DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, and DYS385a,b) and two additional loci, namely DYS438 and DYS439 have been co-amplified in 100 healthy unrelated males of Chinese Yi minority ethnic group using the Y-PLEX 5 and Y-PLEX 6 kit, in order to investigate allele and haplotype frequencies of Yi population, evaluate their usefulness in forensic paternity testing and human identification, and enrich Chinese population genetic informational resources. Out of a total of 100 individuals 85 showed different haplotypes, while 8 haplotypes occurred more than once. The overall haplotype diversity for 11 Y-STRs loci was 0.9945.     

Population genetics for Y-chromosomal STRs haplotypes of Chinese Tibetan ethnic minority group in Tibet

Y-chromosomal STRs loci were analyzed from a sample of 119 healthy unrelated autochthonous male individuals of Chinese Tibetan ethnic minority group using a multiplex PCR system. Allele and haplotype frequencies for DYS19, DYS389 I, DYS389 II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385a,b, DYS438, and DYS439 were determined by the Y-PLEXtrade mark 12 kit. The gene diversity values for the Y-STRs loci ranged from 0.3347 (DYS438) to 0.9547 (DYS385a,b). A total of 110 haplotypes were identified in the Y-STR loci, among which 104 were unique, while six occurred more than once. The overall haplotype diversity for the Y-STRs loci was 0.9981, and the discrimination capacity was 0.9897. The results in the present study can be used for routine forensic application in the region, and enrich Chinese ethnical genetic informational resources.     

A survey of buprenorphine related deaths in Singapore

Buprenorphine is available in Singapore as substitution treatment for opioid dependence since 2002. This study surveys buprenorphine related deaths in Singapore between September 2003 and December 2004. The aims are to establish the autopsy prevalence of buprenorphine related deaths and the demographical and toxicological profile of the cases. Toxicological screening was performed for all unnatural deaths, deaths involving known drug addicts, as well as when autopsy revealed no obvious cause of death. Twenty-one cases had buprenorphine detected in post-mortem blood and/or urine samples. Eighteen were sudden deaths. There were two fatal falls from height and one death by hanging. All subjects were male. The age range was 24-48 years. Fourteen subjects were between 30 and 39 years of age. The mean age was 35 years. The majority (62%) were Chinese. Eleven (52%) were known drug abusers. For sudden deaths, two groups were identified. Six cases died from natural causes. Blood buprenorphine levels ranged from undetected (detected in urine) to 3.2 ng/mL (mean 1.4 ng/mL). Twelve cases were attributed directly and indirectly to mixed drug poisoning. Blood buprenorphine levels ranged from undetected (detected in urine) to 17 ng/mL (mean 3.2 ng/mL). Nineteen cases showed concurrent abuse of buprenorphine and benzodiazepine, diazepam being the most frequently detected, followed by nitrazepam and midazolam. The availability of buprenorphine as substitution therapy is associated with an increase in buprenorphine related deaths. The danger of co-abuse of buprenorphine and benzodiazepines is highlighted.     

Application of HLA-DRB1 genotyping by oligonucleotide micro-array technology in forensic medicine

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is known to be the most complex polymorphic system in the human genome. Among all of the HLA loci, HLA-DRB1 has the second largest number of alleles. The purpose of this study is to develop an oligonucleotide micro-array based HLA-DRB1 typing system for use in forensic identification, anthropology, tissue transplantation, and other genetic research fields. The system was developed by analyzing the HLA-DRB1 (DRB1) genotypes in 1198 unrelated healthy Chinese Han individuals originating from various parts of China and residing in Shanghai, China. METHOD: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with the oligonucleotide micro-array technology was used to detect and type HLA-DRB1 alleles of the sample individuals. The reliability, sensitivity, consistency and specificity were evaluated for use in forensic identification. Furthermore, a meta-analysis was carried out by comparing the allele frequencies of the HLA-DRB1 locus with those of other Chinese Han groups, Chinese minorities and other ethnic populations. RESULTS: All the DNA samples yielded a 273 bp amplification product, with no other amplification products in this length range. The minimum quantity of DNA detected by this method is 15 ng in a PCR reaction system of 25 microl. The population studied appeared to be not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), expected probability of exclusion (PE), polymorphic information content (PIC), and discrimination power (DP) of the HLA-DRB1 locus from the Shanghai Han ethnic group were evaluated to be 0.8022, 0.8870, 0.7741, 0.8771, 0.9750, respectively. A total of 25 HLA-DRB1 alleles were identified. HLA-DRB1*09XX, *04XX, *12XX and *15XX were the most frequent DRB1 alleles, which were observed in 58.76% of the sample. One hundred and sixteen genotypes were found. The five most frequent genotypes were: *04XX/*04XX (0.0626), *09XX/*09XX (0.0593), *04XX/*09XX (0.0551), *09XX/*15XX (0.0384) and *08XX/*12XX (0.0351). The meta-analysis showed that there were uniquely distributed features of DRB1 alleles among various ethnic populations and among the studied population groups from various regions with the same ethnic origin. CONCLUSIONS: An HLA-DRB1 genotyping system has been developed and established based on the oligonucleotide micro-array technology. The HLA-DRB1 typing of the Han population in Shanghai has revealed a relatively high heterogeneity. Information obtained in this study will be useful for medical and forensic applications as well as in anthropology research. Large-scale micro-array detection is highly accurate and reliable for DNA-based HLA-DRB1 genotyping. These results suggest that HLA-DRB1 DNA polymorphisms and the database of the Shanghai Han group have useful applications in processing forensic casework (as personal identification, paternity test), tracing population migration and genetic diagnosis.     

弘扬社会主义荣辱观构建我国信用体系

"以诚实守信为荣,以见利忘义为耻"是胡锦涛总书记提出的社会主义荣辱观的重要内容之一.改革开放以来,我国实行了以市场经济为导向的经济体制改革,随着经济的快速增长,信用缺失问题已经成为我们必须认真面对和亟待解决的问题.针对我国在建立社会主义市场经济体制过程中,因信用体系不完善而导致社会不和谐这一现状,从我国传统文化经济制度、法制、产权制度、信用机制等方面分析了信用秩序混乱的原因,并提出了在我国构建信用体系的对策.     

近红外显微分光光度法鉴别油漆的研究

本文借助显微分光光度计系统在近红外区域对几种“色觉”相似的油漆样品进行了光谱学分析。结果表明，近红外显微分光光度计能有效地鉴别颜色相似的油漆。该法准确、可靠，且不破坏检材．对实际检案有重要意义。     

解决边疆少数民族地区“三农”问题的对策

本文阐述了"三农"问题当前面临的主要困境是农业增产,农民不增收;剖析了"三农"问题面临困难的根本症结;进而论证了破解"三农"问题的对策.