人民主权原则的规范逻辑与实践技艺——以卢梭的《社会契约论》为根据

卢梭关于人民主权原则的理论,由两个相关但又独立的方面构成。在规范性原则方面,他天才地构造了人民主权(经由普遍意志)与人权和法治相统一的逻辑结构。在实践技艺方面,他设计了大立法者、公民宗教及教育和风尚监察相互支持和补充的思路,试图以立法者消灭差异性、取代政治。实践政制的构建,应在坚持卢梭的人民主权原则的规范结构的前提下,修正立法者的思路,以人的交往性和差异性为基础,通过公议程序来推动意志的普遍化,落实人民的主权。     

Rewriting the Legacy of Chiang Kai-shek on the Diaoyu Islands: Chiang's Ryukyu policies from the 1930s to the 1970s

The intensifying disputes between China and Japan over the Diaoyu Islands today have reminded both academia and the general public of the Ryukyu problem. Reportedly, during the Cairo Conference in 1943, Chiang Kai-shek let slip opportunities to recover the Ryukyus, which later resulted in Japanese control of the Diaoyu Islands. Until now, scholarship has maintained that Chiang narrowly missed regaining Okinawa at Cairo, which never again appeared on his agenda. However, a more nuanced historical account can be found in rarely accessed primary resources such as Chiang's diaries and presidential papers, which yield a different conclusion—that he was, in fact, committed to the Ryukyu issue throughout his political career. However, Chiang lost multiple opportunities to resolve the issue as a result of competition with his communist rival, the security dynamics of the Cold War, and his personality. Chiang eventually failed to stop America from returning the Ryukyus to Japan, which, thereafter, generated the Diaoyu Islands disputes and continues to serve as a primary source of nationalist friction today in Sino–Japanese relations.     

犬mtDNA高变区Ⅰ多态性及法医学意义初探

目的对犬毛发mtDNA高变区Ⅰ多态性进行检测,并探讨其在法医学中的应用价值。方法 54只家犬(拉布拉多犬7只、史宾格犬7只、德国牧羊犬6只、罗威纳犬4只、藏獒4只、昆明犬4只、杜伯文犬3只、金毛寻猎犬1只、昆明本地犬18只)。采用复合巢式PCR对54只家犬mtDAN HVRⅠ15803～16114区域进行测序分析。结果 54只家犬在mtDNA HVRⅠ15458～16100区域共检测到643个碱基对信息,共检出分属3大单倍群26个多态点;15个单倍型,频率在1.9%～20.4%之间,其中单倍型A11频率最高;个体识别概率为0.898,平均核苷酸差异和平均核苷酸多样度为7.62±3.61和0.011 9±0.006 3。结论采用本文方法,可检测犬mtDNA HVR-Ⅰ多态性,并可利用其较高的个体识别概率为相关案件侦察提供线索或依据。     

从税务行政诉讼看税务执法风险的产生和防范

税务机关行政执法的风险之一就是引发行政诉讼,在税务行政诉讼中,税务机关败诉的情况时有发生,因此,有必要从税务行政诉讼角度对税务执法风险问题进行探讨。本文对税务行政诉讼中出现的问题进行了分析,提出了规避税务执法风险的六种措施。     

公正:现代公共政策的价值取向

发源于20世纪50年代的政策科学,是一门实践性非常强的科学。作为其重要内容之一的公共政策更是在各国的经济、社会发展中起到了不可替代的作用。本文从公共政策的功利主义价值取向入手,分析了功利主义价值的利弊,并结合当代社会现实得出现代公共政策的公正价值取向以及对中国政府制定公共政策的启示。     

中国共产党常驻共产国际要员及其主要工作(上)

共产国际自从1919年3月"一大"起至1943年6月宣告解散,共经历24个春秋.1922年中国共产党"二大"通过加入共产国际的决议,成为它的一个支部.     

关于现阶段教育主要矛盾的思考

通过对现阶段教育主要矛盾的剖析,提出过分强调扩展优质教育资源,实际上是忽视了大多数人的利益,有悖于教育的公平性。教育应满足人民群众多样化需要。     

从科学应用的两重性看科学的价值取向

作为意识形态的科学就其本身而言是中性的,然而科学应用却具有双重性:一方面造福人类使人类沐浴着科学的阳光,享受科学带来的福音。另一方面却给地球打上无情的烙印,使其千疮百孔,使人类的生存环境频频向人类亮起红灯。因而如何确立科学的价值取向是人类文明、社会进步所面临的重要课题。     

论纳税人对免费公共产品的权利

免费公共产品,是纳税人可以不支付任何费用而享受的公共产品。免费公共产品的获得是免费的,其消费具有非排他性,必须通过税收和预算来提供。纳税人相互之间对免费公共产品享有免费使用权、先占使用权、平等使用权和重大利益优先权。纳税人相对于政府对免费公共产品享有免费享用、足量享用和损害赔偿权。我国相关制度比较缺乏,应当予以完善。     

Identity,contact, and the reduction of mutual distrust: a survey of Chinese and Japanese youth

In the midst of rising tension between China and Japan, two powerful countries in Asia, the favorable attitudes of each country's citizens toward the other country have dropped to a historical low. The Taiwan issue, historical legacy, island disputes, and maritime resource competition are major obstacles in Sino-Japanese relations, but the most fundamental issue is a deep-seated mutual distrust and suspicion between the two countries, which result in rising threat perceptions. Beyond the structural and political elite-centered approaches, this study examines the evidence related to the three approaches (face-to-face contact, cross-cultural exposure, and social identity) to reduce mutual distrust and antipathy in the two countries. With a careful analysis of the survey data, this study sheds light on the conditions under which contact (a) results in improved attitudes toward outgroup, (b) has little or no effect on intergroup relations, and (c) yields more prejudice and hostility toward the outgroup. The findings of this study not only identify factors that could facilitate mutual understanding between Chinese and Japanese people and more favorable impressions of one another, but are also relevant to planning interventions to reduce prejudice and distrust among people from different races, religions, and countries.