论对犯罪收益的民事没收

民事没收是一种对物不对人的制裁措施,它所针对的是一类特殊的财物,即犯罪收益。民事没收可以在没有刑事案件的情况下没收财产,即便被告人已经死亡或者在逃,甚至即便还不知晓谁实施了违法行为。民事没收适用民事诉讼的"谁主张谁举证"原则,要求那些声称对财物享有合法权利的人员承担相应的证明责任,并且只要求法官"根据优势证据"的标准证明裁断有关财产是否应被没收。我国应当借鉴外国的民事没收制度以及相关的成功经验,尽快建立针对犯罪所得或者违法行为收益的、独立的财产没收制度。     

美国语境中的“法律人思维”

"像法律人一样思维"的论题不仅涉及到法律思维的种种基本问题,也与法律教育教学的内容和方法直接相关。但是,对它的理解却众说纷纭。法律人思维不是一种独立的思维类型,而是在特殊目的(权利与义务的确定)、制度化程序(程序规则)约束之下,于对抗性对话框架中(说服性对话)构建、分析、批判法律论证的思考活动。其基本特征是,针对一个法律主张,构建和表达合情理的论证,以获得一个合乎自己预期的法律裁决;它的核心是发现、分析和评价理由。     

非营利部门市场化:公民社会处在风险当中?

公共部门越来越多地采用市场的途径与理念来指导政策制定与管理.一些美国的公共管理学者已经指出了这个问题,其中特别强调其对民主与公民权利的影响.     

Federal employees dental and vision insurance program. Final rule

The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) is issuing final regulations to administer the Federal Employee Dental and Vision Benefits Enhancement Act of 2004, signed into law December 23, 2004. This law establishes dental and vision benefits programs for Federal employees, annuitants, and their eligible family members.     

Selective colorimetric determination of TNT partitioned between an alkaline solution and a strongly basic Dowex 1-X8 anion exchanger

The Meisenheimer anions formed from TNT in KOH solutions in alcohol or acetone were used in screening tests for TNT among possible nitro-explosives. The same reaction was used for the spectrophotometric assay of TNT in soil by CRREL (Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory of the U.S. Army) method, also known as Jenkins' method, but the color stability was too dependent on the solution composition and the water tolerance was low, necessitating complete drying of soil samples (which may cause partial analyte decomposition) prior to analysis. This study reports the development of a colorimetric method based on the solid phase extraction (SPE) of the Meisenheimer anion formed from TNT and aqueous NaOH into a strongly basic anion exchange resin Dowex 1-X8 (OH(-) form). The orange-red color that developed both in the solid resin and solution phases was persistent for at least 1h. The resin was let to swell in alcohol, washed first with 1M aqueous NaOH, and then with H(2)O before use. To 5 mL of 4-400 ppm TNT solutions in 1:1 (v/v) acetone-water, 0.5 mL of 5% NaOH was added, diluted to 50 mL with 1:1 acetone-water, and the resulting solutions (containing the orange-red Meisenheimer anion of TNT) were agitated at room temperature with 0.9 g resin for < or =50 min. TNT exhibited a reasonably constant distribution coefficient between the resin and aqueous phases. The absorbance of the filtered solutions was measured against a reagent blank at 500nm. The TNT-loaded resins were regenerated with 1M HCl containing sodium sulfite. The calibration line of filtrate absorbance versus analytical concentration was linear over two orders of magnitude between 0.4 and 40 ppm TNT in final solution. Unlike Jenkins' method, the method was tolerant to 100-fold (by mass) of common soil anions like sulfate, nitrate, and chloride. The basic advantages of the developed colorimetric method over the similar CRREL/Jenkins' method may be summarized as color stability, water and common ion tolerance, lowering of the LOD, and widening of the linear range. As opposed to Jenkins' method, the charge-transfer bands characteristic to colorimetric detection were not obscured by the presence of water. The method is suitable for on-site applications, because the color developed in heterogenous solution was stabilized, and the method can be easily practiced with a portable colorimeter to large numbers of samples.     

我国古代廉政措施概览

廉政建设不仅是我国当今法制工作的重点 ,而且也一直是中国古代专制王朝关注的焦点。从奴隶社会到封建社会 ,大多数统治者特别是开国立业之君无不重视整顿吏治 ,倡导廉洁 ,以维护剥削阶级政权的长治久安。本文以中国古代朝政更迭为顺序 ,概述了我国古代的具有典型意义的一些廉政措施的概况。     

国家机关工作人员职务犯罪探究

国家机关工作人员利用职称进行犯罪是一种十分普遍的现象 ,也是群众反映比较强烈的 ,并给国家政治经济以及社会生活的各个领域带来巨大影响的行为 ,研究这个问题是当前反腐败斗争的需要 ,也是加强政治体制改革 ,推进民主法制建设的迫切要求。     

我国大学办学理念的偏失及矫治

大学办学理念是人们对大学的精神、使命、宗旨、功能以及价值观等大学发展基本思想的整体概括,它指导着大学的远景规划和发展方向。目前,我国大学办学理念存在着盲目攀高求大、学人重官轻术、办学过于世俗化、学术管理政治化、重科学教育轻人文精神养成等现象,这些严重阻碍了大学培养人才、创造知识、引导社会发展的使命的实现。大学应根据自己的历史和现实条件准确定位,树立自己的理想,构建全人教育、学术自由、引导社会发展的理念,以便为社会的文明进步担负起更大的责任。     

论生态化经济与可持续发展

生态化经济,是一种既利于生态保护,又提高经济效益的经济。人类的经济和社会发展必须维持在资源和环境承受能力的范围之内,才能保证发展的持续性,这是造福子孙后代的大事,因此,发展在注重经济增长的同时,要谋求人与自然的和谐统一,要做到这一点必须超越对传统的经济价值观,放弃对人均GND增长的盲目追求,在保护自然资源,恢复生态环境、维持生态潜力的基础上,追求可持续发展的目标。     

BOT投资方式在我国的立法状况与完善建议

BOT投资方式具有不同于传统投资方式的特征 ,我国现行立法尚不能与之相适应 ,有必要对其进行高位阶的立法 ,以实现其最大效用。