Die „zahlen- und flächenmäßig geeignetsten Gebiete“ i. S. des Art. 4 Abs. 1 S. 4 der Vogelschutzrichtlinie

Soweit die Rechtsprechung die sog. IBA-Liste als sachverständigen Anhalt für die nach Art. 4 Abs. 1 S. 1 V-RL auszuwählenden Gebiete ansieht, unterliegt dies erheblichen methodischen Bedenken. Nur die IBA-Kriterien haben als Paradigma für ein auf Transparenz und Rationalität zielendes Auswahlkonzept der Mitgliedsstaaten gewissen Wert. In dieses ist eine systematische Bewertung der flächenmäßigen Eignung der in Betracht gezogenen Gebiete zu integrieren. Die vergleichende Bewertung der Flächeneignung ist zugleich legitimes Einfallstor für eine avifaunistisch orientierte Landschaftsplanung.     

Chinese Expanded Perceptions of the Region and Its Changing Attitudes Toward the Indo-Pacific: a Hybrid Vision of the Institutionalization of the Indo-Pacific

The existing literature on the Indo-Pacific has largely focused on how and why the USA, Japan, Australia, India, and Indonesia have promoted the strategic concept of the Indo-Pacific, and how China has rejected it in the domain of maritime security. What has been overlooked, however, are dramatically expanded Chinese perceptions of the region and changing and complex Chinese attitudes and responses toward the Indo-Pacific. This essay aims to fill this gap by demonstrating how China has coopted certain components of the Indo-Pacific in its geoeconomic hegemonic project. This can be partially explained by unfolding and expanding Chinese perceptions of the region, characterized by geoeconomics and maritime/continental hybridity. This paper brings a missing perspective to the debate by highlighting China’s evolving, complex, and multifaceted approaches regarding the Indo-Pacific. It also offers a conceptual tool of a hybrid vision of the institutionalization of the Indo-Pacific for the enterprise of regional cooperation.     

Opposition visions for preserving Syria’s ethnic-sectarian mosaic

The excessive violence that has spread across virtually all of Syria since the 2011 uprising against the regime of Bashar al-Asad has so far prevented a serious debate about feasible solutions. Together with internal power struggles and the intervention of external actors, ideational factors and identity construction are playing a key role in shaping the dynamics of the Syrian conflict. Fear of exclusion in a future order dominated by radical Islamist forces is keeping the minority groups and some secularists close to the regime. However, there are also grounds for cautious optimism: as this paper shows, most actors from the moderate opposition acknowledge the need to take the minorities’ fears seriously and to provide them with guarantees of participation in a future political order, while stopping short of the option of a power-sharing arrangement between community representatives.     

德国新兴产业发展演化及其影响因素分析:以风机制造产业为例

本文以德国风机制造产业为例,分析影响德国新兴产业发展演化的相关因素.本文认为,德国风机制造产业取得成功的主要影响因素可以归纳为四个方面:(1)持续的技术创新投入；(2)产业发展所需要的相关法律体系的建立和动态调整；(3)政府在产业发展过程中创造市场需求相关的“促进”和“规制”政策并重；(4)促进良好的产业生态环境的形成.     

德国的中亚政策

中亚大量德意志人的存在使德国在苏联解体后迅速积极地介入了中亚事务,而能源、安全、经济和地缘政治利益以及中亚战略地位的提高则使德国不断增加在中亚的投入并制定了中亚政策；与此同时,德国也推动欧盟积极参与中亚事务,推动欧盟出台了中亚战略.德国在中亚的影响将继续扩大.     

How legislative gender quotas affect the gender gap in campaign spending: an analysis of the federal and regional elections in Belgium

Research on the link between gender and campaign finance in proportional electoral systems suggests that the campaign expenses of female parliamentary candidates are significantly lower than those of male candidates. On the basis of data on 10,436 candidates for nine consecutive elections in Belgium (1991–2014), this article examines whether there is indeed a gender gap in campaign expenses, and in particular whether this coincides with the introduction of legislative quota laws in the Belgian flexible-list system. We distinguish between realistic candidates that run for election from winnable list positions and unrealistic candidates running from lower ranked positions. The results show that, among unrealistic candidates, the gender gap in campaign spending arose again after the introduction of more severe gender quotas. With regard to realistic list positions, however, the significant difference between male and female candidates in the most strict quota phase disappeared, indicating that female realistic candidates were able to catch up financially with their male counterparts. The Belgian experience could provide useful insights for other countries with flexible-list systems regarding the implementation of legislative gender quotas.     

德国政府创新集群策动的演化路径研究及启示

20世纪90年代起,德国产业竞争优势动力来源于政府发动的以BioRegio计划、InnoRegio计划和GA-networking计划为核心的集群策动.集群策动是一种新型政策范式,与传统政策相比,更加强调政策实施的过程,具有周期性等特征.德国是最早实施集群策动的欧洲发达因家之一,其更具代表性、科学性、继承性和演变性.通...     

德国高校与企业协同创新模式及其借鉴

高校与企业协同创新在德国已初具规模。本文对德国高校与企业协同创新进行了界定,梳理了它在各层面的体现,并对其现状进行了分析,包括德国高校与企业协同创新的项目合作与人员交流这两种传统模式和基于战略的协同创新四种新模式。本文最后提出了构建高校与企业长期协同关系、教学协同促进科研协同、基于创新价值链的多主体协同等三点借鉴。     

德国与欧盟的社会标准:全球化及欧洲一体化的影响

本文一方面旨在探究全球化和欧洲一体化对民族国家社会标准以及社会政策行动空间和分配空间的潜在影响;另一方面概述发达民主国家在过去二十年里社会政策的核心发展趋势,并讨论这样一个问题,即改革结果到底是由全球化和欧洲一体化这些外部条件变化促成的、还是因社会经济现代化进程以及社会福利国家自己造成的问题状况等内因导致的,或是所有上述因素综合影响的结果。最后本文简要阐释在欧盟层面进行社会政策再规制的可能性。讨论这一问题之所以具有重要意义,是因为很多学者将国家间和超国家的社会标准看作是维持西欧福利国家成就的救命稻草,这尤其因为在经济全球化时代,民族国家已经无力提供有力支撑。     

公安教育加强情景模拟训练势在必行

目前公安院校教学培训模式存在着一定弊病 ,如教学内容理论联系实际不够 ,实用性不强 ,教学方法原始 ,贴紧实战需要的模拟演练缺乏 ,学员动手能力不强 ,影响了公安院校毕业生的整体素质。怎样才能培训出符合新时期要求的实用型警务人才?笔者认为 ,应从国内外先进教学模式中探索研究 ,吸收其先进措施 ,加强情景模拟训练 ,以培养出符合当前公安工作需要的实用型人才