苏共二十六大关于成熟社会主义概念的发展

任何一种理论其中包括发达社会主义理论,基本上可归结为二个因素——规律和范畴。因此,发现和研究成熟社会主义的规律以及反映这些客观规律的新概念(新范畴)的科学表达方法乃是成熟社会主义理论的发展趋势。如果个别作者在专著中得出了某些科学结论、原理和概念,而后又反映在党或国家的文件中并加以具体化,也就是说上升为公认的和具有普遍意义的阶段——这是理论发展极重要的因素。对理论研究进行总结并对今后的理论研究提     

评匈牙利经济体制及其发展方向

约亨·贝特肯哈根是德意志经济研究所的研究员,他专门从事对经互会国家的能源经济和对外贸易的研究,主要研究国家是匈牙利和罗马尼亚。     

Fatal outcome of poisoning with the benzodiazepines flunitrazepam and diazepam

On a wintry day a 29-year-old woman was found dead beside her car showing head injuries and signs of hypothermia. Several empty packets of sedative and hypnotic drugs were lying inside the car. Toxicological analysis revealed the presence of flunitrazepam (heart blood of the left and right chamber 0.033 mg/L each), norflunitrazepam (left heart blood 0.029 mg/L, right heart blood 0.027 mg/L), 7-amino-flunitrazepam (left heart blood 0.090 mg/L, right heart blood 0.104 mg/L), diazepam (left heart blood 0.395 mg/L, right heart blood 0.386 mg/L), nordazepam (left heart blood 0.112 mg/L, right heart blood 0.115 mg/L) and temazepam (left heart blood 0.034 mg/L, right heart blood 0.033 mg/L). Neither alcohol nor other drugs were found. It was concluded that benzodiazepine intake led to a disturbance of consciousness. Whether the woman died in this situation due to the icy temperature as a result of hypothermia or whether she died or would have died solely due to benzodiazepine overdosage could not be clarified.     

Fatal inhalation of butane-propane gas

Fatal intoxications with butane and/or propane are rare although the inhalation of such liquid gases in order to induce hallucinations is not uncommon amongst youngsters, the number of which is difficult to evaluate. Thus the possibility of gas intoxication should be taken into consideration in all cases of unclear death of youngsters, in which case the macroscopic and histological findings will be unspecific whereas the chemical-toxicological analyses, especially of the native brain, lung and liver tissue, lead to definite conclusions.     

GC/MS determination of pyrolysis products from diacetylmorphine and adulterants of street heroin samples

The inhalation of heroin vapors after heating on aluminium foil ("chasing the dragon") is gaining popularity nowadays among heroin users seeking to avoid the risks of parenteral drug administration. The heroin-smoking procedure was simulated under laboratory conditions by heating the samples on aluminium foil at 250 to 400 degrees C and collecting the vapors in a condenser trap. A total of 72 pyrolysis products of diacetylmorphine, street heroin, residues from aluminium foils used to smoke street heroin, typical by-products, and adulterants were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). About half of these compounds could be identified. Diacetylmorphine (base and salt) undergoes substantial to complete degradation. Some typical street heroin constituents, like morphine, codeine, acetylcodeine, papaverine, and caffeine, are rather heat-stable. Other compounds, like noscapine and paracetamol, are pyrolyzed to a greater extent. The principal chemical reactions leading to the formation of pyrolysis products are desacetylation, transacetylation, N-demethylation, O-methylation, ring cleavage and oxydation.     

What is the best sample for determining the early postmortem period by on-the-spot flow cytometry analysis?

The level of degradation of DNA as a means for determining the time of death has been proposed as a valid adjunct to the classic thanatochronologic methods. The twofold aim of this work was to determine which organ might reveal both a correlation between the percentage of degradation of the DNA and the time lapse since death, and would be easiest to sample and yield the most reproducible results even in technically unfavorable situations such as on-the-spot investigations at the scene of death. A comparison of the spleen, blood, and liver showed that hepatic tissue best meets these specific needs because it shows a virtually linear correlation between the time elapsed since death and the level of degradation of the DNA, and it can easily be sampled at the scene of death by use of a common biopsy needle.     

An unusual case of driving under the influence of enflurane

An unusual case of driving under the influence of the volatile anaesthetic enflurane is reported. A markedly affected anaesthetist was sniffing at an enflurane-moistened handkerchief before he crashed into a lorry at a red traffic light. In the blood sample enflurane (2.92 mg/l) as well as diclofenac (0.28 mg/l) and 4-aminophenazone (24.4 mg/l) were found. The way of driving and the accident and the deficiency symptoms could be explained by the central suppressing effects of enflurane. The physician was considered as impaired and not suitable to drive at the time of the incidence.     

A case of fatal hemorrhage in the cerebral ventricles following intravenous use of methamphetamine

We describe a case of massive hemorrhage in the cerebral ventricles, probably caused by methamphetamine abuse. A 44-year-old male was found dead in a prone position in a hotel room. Old and new injection marks were observed in his right cubital fossa. Petechiae were observed on the conjunctiva of his right eye, laryngeal mucosa, epicardium and under the capsule of the liver (to a slight or moderate degree). The brain, weighing 1.67 kg, was heavily edematous; the lateral and fourth ventricles were filled with hematomas. Subarachnoid, intracerebral hemorrhages were not observed. Cerebral vascular abnormalities were not evident. There were no remarkable changes in other organs, other than congestion. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of the urine disclosed the presence of methamphetamine and amphetamine. The concentration of methamphetamine within the femoral venous blood and intraventricular hematoma was 0.347 microg/ml and 0.189 microg/g, respectively. Amphetamine was not detected in either sample. Urine contained 3.15 microg/ml methamphetamine and 0.063 microg/ml amphetamine. These results indicate that intraventricular hemorrhage might have occurred shortly after intravenous self-administration of methamphetamine. Cerebral arterial spasm and hypertension resulting from the administration of methamphetamine might have resulted in intraventricular hemorrhage.