主权国家与安第斯地区一体化

2007年,在欧盟(EU)和安第斯国家共同体(Andean Community of Nations,CAN)为达成自由贸易协定而进行的谈判中,玻利维亚和厄瓜多尔的代表团提出了一项替代方案,该方案动摇了谈判的基础,使之超出由欧盟提出的激进的贸易和投资自由化议程。①数月之后,在欧盟、拉丁美洲和加勒比地区国家首脑参加的峰会上,争执被公之于众,并很快受到为抗议谈判而汇集到利马的各种社     

驳泛叙述者论

很多当代叙事学家都认为所有的虚构叙事都有一个不同于作者的虚构叙述者。这一观点被称为“泛叙述者论”。本文以充分的理由驳斥了这一观点,同时指出那些看似支持这一观点的重要论据是根本站不住脚的。在简要介绍小说理论的基础上,文章认为,无论从理论还是从实践角度来说,都没有必要为每个虚构叙事假定一个虚构叙述者。     

邓小平时代

出版社:生活·读书·新知三联书店出版时间:2013年1月定价:88.00元邓小平深刻影响了中国历史和世界历史的走向,也改变了当代中国人的命运。解读邓小平的政治生涯及其行为逻辑,就是解读当代中国,解读个人命运背后的历史变局。《邓小平时代》对邓小平跌宕起伏的一生以及中国惊险崎岖的改革开放之路进行了全景式描述。作者对邓小平个人性格及执     

不平等与政权更迭——民主转型与民主制的稳定

近年来,卡莱斯·博伊克斯（Carles Boix）、达龙·埃斯莫格卢（Daron Acemoglu）以及詹姆斯·罗宾逊（James Robinson）的研究聚焦于朝向和背离民主制转型过程中不平等和分配冲突所扮演的角色。我们可以使用从1980年到2000年之间＂第三波＂浪潮中关于民主转型和回潮的一个原始的定性数据,通过因果过程的观察来评估他们的主张。我们发现分配冲突作为他们理论中关键的因果分析机制,只出现在刚刚超过一半的案例中。与理论上的预期不同的是,大量的这类转型发生在那些高度不平等的国家中。在所有发生民主回潮的国家中低于1/3的民主回潮是由精英和大众之间的分配冲突所驱动的。我们认为关于民主转型和民主回潮两个问题都存在着许多其他的替代性的因果分析途径。     

大数据到底有多重要

在最近的一段时间里,我发现周围的人们好像都在谈论大数据。然而,只有当一个组织选对人和用对技巧时,才能真正地将大数据分析应用到改善培训活动的实践中去。利用大数据开展培训是比较艰难的,但它的分析能力可以让企业的管理现状得到明显改善。通过分析各个职能部门复杂的数据,大数据能够帮助企业获得可以推动变革的洞察力,使其能够接纳并留住高水平人才,并开展高效的管理。大数据不仅可以改善员工的培训l环境,甚至可以让培训活动焕发新的活力。     

Is the appearance of macrophages in pulmonary tissue related to time of asphyxia?

In order to connect the appearance of macrophages and giant cells in pulmonary tissue with the time of asphyxia the authors analyzed 50 asphyxiated human lungs paying their attention on the number of alveolar and interstitial macrophages and giant cells. They compared histological specimens of 25 asphixiated humans lungs following a slow asphyxia (30 min or more) with 25 histological specimens of asphyxiated human lungs following a rapid asphyxia (10-15 min). Alveolar and interstitial macrophages and giant cells per section, were considered and numbered. Controls were done on histological examination of traumatized lungs. In the pulmonary alveoli following on acute asphyxia there were 27.7+/-4.4 macrophages per section. Subjects dead after a slow asphyxiation showed 68.2+/-7.1 alveolar macrophages per section (p<0.001). Interstitial macrophages were also frequently present. No differences are detectable in the number of polynuclear giant cells between rapidly and slowly asphyxiated human lungs. The number of alveolar and interstitial macrophages per section can be considered as a further histological evidence of a slow asphyxia and can differentiate a slow asphyxia from an acute one.     

Image matching algorithms for breech face marks and firing pins in a database of spent cartridge cases of firearms

On the market several systems exist for collecting spent ammunition data for forensic investigation. These databases store images of cartridge cases and the marks on them. Image matching is used to create hit lists that show which marks on a cartridge case are most similar to another cartridge case. The research in this paper is focused on the different methods of feature selection and pattern recognition that can be used for optimizing the results of image matching.The images are acquired by side light images for the breech face marks and by ring light for the firing pin impression. For these images a standard way of digitizing the images used. For the side light images and ring light images this means that the user has to position the cartridge case in the same position according to a protocol. The positioning is important for the sidelight, since the image that is obtained of a striation mark depends heavily on the angle of incidence of the light. In practice, it appears that the user positions the cartridge case with +/-10 degrees accuracy.We tested our algorithms using 49 cartridge cases of 19 different firearms, where the examiner determined that they were shot with the same firearm. For testing, these images were mixed with a database consisting of approximately 4900 images that were available from the Drugfire database of different calibers.In cases where the registration and the light conditions among those matching pairs was good, a simple computation of the standard deviation of the subtracted gray levels, delivered the best-matched images. For images that were rotated and shifted, we have implemented a "brute force" way of registration. The images are translated and rotated until the minimum of the standard deviation of the difference is found. This method did not result in all relevant matches in the top position. This is caused by the effect that shadows and highlights are compared in intensity. Since the angle of incidence of the light will give a different intensity profile, this method is not optimal.For this reason a preprocessing of the images was required. It appeared that the third scale of the "à trous" wavelet transform gives the best results in combination with brute force. Matching the contents of the images is less sensitive to the variation of the lighting.The problem with the brute force method is however that the time for calculation for 49 cartridge cases to compare between them, takes over 1 month of computing time on a Pentium II-computer with 333MHz. For this reason a faster approach is implemented: correlation in log polar coordinates. This gave similar results as the brute force calculation, however it was computed in 24h for a complete database with 4900 images.A fast pre-selection method based on signatures is carried out that is based on the Kanade Lucas Tomasi (KLT) equation. The positions of the points computed with this method are compared. In this way, 11 of the 49 images were in the top position in combination with the third scale of the à trous equation. It depends however on the light conditions and the prominence of the marks if correct matches are found in the top ranked position. All images were retrieved in the top 5% of the database. This method takes only a few minutes for the complete database if, and can be optimized for comparison in seconds if the location of points are stored in files.For further improvement, it is useful to have the refinement in which the user selects the areas that are relevant on the cartridge case for their marks. This is necessary if this cartridge case is damaged and other marks that are not from the firearm appear on it.     

评阿兰·沃森的《法律移植:比较法的方法》

<正> 爱丁堡大学民法教授阿兰·沃森在其《法律移植:比较法的方法》(Legal Transplants:An Approach to Comparative Law,佛吉尼亚大学出版社,1974年版)一书中试图证实比较法是一门学科。沃森教授提出:"比较法是研究有关法律的本质,特别是有关法律发展的本质的学科。"其主要功能在于使人了解"决定法律发展进程的独特因素。" 然而,研究十六世纪在鲁瑞斯坦(本文作者杜撰的国家)以特殊形式出现的独特的法律     

Discriminating red spray paints by optical microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence

Red spray paints from different European suppliers were characterised to determine the discriminating power of a sequence of analysing techniques. A total of 51 red spray paints were analysed with the help of three techniques: (1) optical microscopy, (2) Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and (3) X-ray fluorescence. Infrared spectra were classified according to binder type, filler and pigment composition and a searchable spectral library was created. Due to the difference in the elemental composition of spray paints, a further discrimination was possible. The microscopic analysis was not taken into consideration for classification purposes. The structure of the substrate under a paint coating strongly affects the surface characteristics of this spray paint. Together with the spectral library, a database of information of spray paints was build.     

STR data for the AmpFlSTR SGM Plus from the eastern and western sections of Mediterranean region of Turkey

Allele frequencies of the 10 STR loci (D16S539, D2S1338, D3S1358, vWA, D18S51, D21S11, D8S1179, D19S433, FGA and TH01) included in the AmpFlSTR SGM Plus kit were determined in 107 unrelated individuals from the eastern section and 108 unrelated individuals from western section of Mediterranean region of Turkey. The expected performance of these loci for personal identification and paternity testing in these populations were estimated.