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71.
ANDREW BUCHANAN 《Diplomacy & Statecraft》2013,24(2):279-301
The article offers a re-evaluation of American reinforcement for the Eighth Army following the fall of Tobruk in June 1942, arguing that American arms and air power made a decisive, if largely unrecognized, contribution to the victory at El Alamein. Both British and American leaders, for their own reasons, glossed over the critical American component of this most quintessentially British victory, and historians have echoed this downplaying of American aid. The article sets these political and military events in the context of expanding American interest in the Middle East. 相似文献
72.
Using a sample of felons convicted in Georgia between 1976 and June 1982, this study examines rural-urban diyerences in sentencing. Consistent with previous research, it is found that ostensibly similar oflenders are punished diflerently, depending on whether they were convicted in urban rather than rural counties. Diyerences in outcomes are based both on social background and on factors of explicit legal relevance. They occur for decisions about the type and duration of punishment. Finally, they persist even when selected correlates and consequences of urbanization are controlled. Unlike earlier research, however, this study finds that urbanization usually intensijes rather than reduces differential treatment. The paper concludes with possible explanations for the particularism that appears to characterize urban rather than rural courts. Also considered are the theoretical and empirical implications of the findings. 相似文献
73.
ANDREW SILKE 《Terrorism and Political Violence》2013,25(1-2):201-213
ABSTRACT Children are all too often the victims of terrorist conflicts and, as the Beslan school siege tragically illustrated, this victimisation can be extreme, deliberate and intentional. While all victims of terrorism attract a special interest, child victims unquestionably attract the most. Following this, how terrorist groups and governments initiate and react to violence which kills and maims children can play a major role in how conflicts are perceived and in how campaigns unfold. A failure to appreciate the critical issues surrounding the victimisation of children risks undermining perceived legitimacy, eroding wider support and increasing the backing opponents enjoy. Drawing on a variety of case studies, this article provides a review of how the victimisation of children has impacted in recent terrorist conflicts. Implications for policy and practice are highlighted. Haim Nahman Bialik, Al ha-Shehitah (1903)
Vengeance for the blood of a small child
Satan has not yet created
Notes
Marie-Therese Fay, Mike Morrissey and Marie Smyth, Northern Ireland's Troubles: The Human Costs (London: Pluto Press 1999). This is based on a list of attacks maintained by the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Analysis of this list indicates that 446 people have been killed in suicide bombings between 9 Sep. 2000 and 18 Nov. 2003 (this death toll excludes the bombers). Seventy-Three of these victims have been seventeen years old or younger. The list is available at http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/go.asp?MFAH0ia50 Fay, Morrissey and Smyth (note 1) pp.187–188. See Amnesty International, Israel and the Occupied Territories and the Palestinian Authority Killing the Future: Children in the Line of Fire, http://web.amnesty.org/ai.nsf/Index/MDE151472002?OpenDocument & of=COUNTRIES/ISRAEL/OCCUPIED+TERRITORIES Alex Schmid, ‘Terrorism and the Media: Freedom of Information vs. Freedom from Intimidation’, in L. Howard, (ed), Terrorism: Roots, Impact, Responses (London: Praeger 1992) p.101. P. Nelson and J. Scott, ‘Terrorism and the Media: An Empirical Analysis’, Defence Economics 3/4 (1992) pp.329–339. A. Cota-McKinley, W. Woody, and P. Bell, ‘Vengeance: Effects of Gender, Age and Religious Background’, Aggressive Behavior 27 (2001) pp.343–350. Quote taken from p.343. C. Tudge, ‘Natural Born Killers’, New Scientist 174/2342 (2002) pp.36–39. S. Kim and R. Smith, ‘Revenge and Conflict Escalation’, Negotiation Journal vol.9, No.1 (1993) pp.37–43. Ibid., p.40. J. Shapland, J. Willmore, and P. Duff, Victims in the Criminal Justice System (London: Gower 1985). K. L'Armand and A. Pepitone, ‘Judgments of Rape: A Study of Victim-Rapist Relationship and Victim Sexual History’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin vol.8, No.2 (1982) pp.134–139. R. Shotland and L. Goodstein, ‘Sexual Precedence Reduces the Perceived Legitimacy of Sexual Refusal: An Examination of Attributions Concerning Date Rape and Consensual Sex’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18/6 (1992) pp.756–764. John Sabini, Social Psychology, 2nd edn, (London: Nortons & Company 1995). Don Radlauer, An Engineered Tragedy: Statistical Analysis of Casualties in the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict September 2000 – June 2002, http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=439 Amnesty International (note 4). The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, Fatalities in the Al-Aqsa Intifada,: 29 Sept. 2000–7 November 2003, http://www.btselem.org/ Police Service of Northern Ireland, Security-Related Incidents 1969–2003, http://www.psni.police.uk David McKittrick, Seamus Kelters, Brian Feeney and Chris Thornton, Lost Lives (London: Mainstream Publishing 1999) p.144. Martin Dillon, The Enemy Within (London: Doubleday 1994) p.318. Quoted in Kevin Toolis, Rebel Hearts (London: Picador 1995) p.325. Quoted in Richard English, Armed Struggle: A History of the IRA (London: MacMillan 2003) p.378. Quoted in Brendan O'Brien, The Long War (Dublin: O'Brien Press 1993) pp.62–63. Eamon Collins (with M. McGovern), Killing Rage (London: Granta Books 1997) p.296. Quoted in Jonathan Stevenson, ‘“We Wrecked the Place”: Contemplating an End to the Northern Irish Troubles’ (London: Free Press 1996) p.172. Deborah Browne, ‘Examining the Impact of Terrorism on Children’, in Andrew Silke (ed), Terrorists, Victims and Society (London: Wiley 2003) pp.189–212. The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories (note 17). Ibid. BBC News Online, ‘Ex-security Chiefs Chide Israel’, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/32704491.stm Quoted in Peter Tsouras, Warriors' Words (London: Cassell 1992) p.70. 相似文献
74.
ANDREW GOLDSMITH 《Law & policy》2008,30(2):141-167
This article examines how lawmakers respond through law reform to the prospect of further terrorist attacks after September 11. The first part examines ways of conceptualizing the terrorist threat, drawing upon notions of risk, fear, catastrophe, and precaution. The concept of the Precautionary Principle is introduced and explored as a tool for making sense of, and improving, law reform processes in counterterrorism. The second part deploys these concepts through two case studies of counterterrorist law reform: Canada and Australia. What constitutes expertise in this area is considered, as is the capacity of legislators to scrutinize the arguments of necessity and prognoses of dire threat put forward by executive government. 相似文献
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Pennsylvania recently enacted a law that limits the damages a successor corporation can be required to pay for asbestos liabilities. Senate Bill 216, which the Pennsylvania legislature passed in December 2001, bars any recovery against a qualifying successor corporation in excess of the adjusted fair market value of its predecessor. The act applies to all successor corporations that were incorporated in Pennsylvania prior to May 1, 2001 and that consummated a merger or consolidation with their predecessor prior to that date. Under standard choice-of-law rules, the act should protect qualifying successor corporations in many jurisdictions outside of Pennsylvania. The act survived its first constitutional challenge at the trial court level, and should survive any future challenges in the appellate courts 相似文献
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