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61.
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Decentralization is argued to create incentives for local and regional politicians to be more responsive and accountable to their constituents, but few studies have directly tested this claim. We use survey data from Colombia to examine individual‐level evaluations of the degree to which decentralization prompts citizens to view department government as more accountable. We estimate the effect of administrative, fiscal, and political decentralization, controlling for participation, political knowledge, confidence in government, education, and income on perceptions of accountability. Our results indicate that administrative and fiscal decentralization improve perceptions of accountability, while political decentralization does not. 相似文献
63.
Jordan Gans‐Morse Sebastián Mazzuca Simeon Nichter 《American journal of political science》2014,58(2):415-432
Although many studies of clientelism focus exclusively on vote buying, political machines often employ diverse portfolios of strategies. We provide a theoretical framework and formal model to explain how and why machines mix four clientelist strategies during elections: vote buying, turnout buying, abstention buying, and double persuasion. Machines tailor their portfolios to the political preferences and voting costs of the electorate. They also adapt their mix to at least five contextual factors: compulsory voting, ballot secrecy, political salience, machine support, and political polarization. Our analysis yields numerous insights, such as why the introduction of compulsory voting may increase vote buying, and why enhanced ballot secrecy may increase turnout buying and abstention buying. Evidence from various countries is consistent with our predictions and suggests the need for empirical studies to pay closer attention to the ways in which machines combine clientelist strategies. 相似文献
64.
Santiago Basabe‐Serrano 《Law & policy》2015,37(4):350-378
This article explains how informal institutions have prevented the emergence of autonomous judges in Paraguay between 1954 and 2011. The central argument is that co‐optation, clientelism, and judicial corruption considered as informal institutions, rooted during the dictatorship, have impeded the appearance of an independent judicial branch in the democratic regime. To test this hypothesis, the article relies on historical narratives, surveys, and semistructured interviews. The conclusions suggest that in countries that have experienced the consolidation of informal institutions oriented toward maintaining the ties of subordination of judges to politicians, constitutional reforms and fragmentation of political power are necessary but not sufficient conditions for improving judicial independence. 相似文献
65.
Mohd Kassim Noor‐Mohamed 《The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice》2014,53(1):83-100
This article sets out to provide a broad overview of the ways in which kidnapping and abduction can be contextualised and understood. First, it will review kidnapping and abduction by examining the varying definitions used by practitioners, academics, governmental organisations, non‐governmental organisations and private sector interests. Second, a discussion of related offences, including piracy, hostage‐taking, hijacking, tiger kidnap, express kidnap and state‐sponsored rendition, and others is undertaken. Third, there will be an examination and review of the various typologies that have been suggested by researchers in the field, culminating in the suggestion of a revised and comprehensive typology. 相似文献
66.
Ahmed M. Megreya Markus Bindemann Anna Brown 《Legal and Criminological Psychology》2015,20(2):324-342
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Biao Li M.Sc. Peng Xie Ph.D. Ying‐min Guo B.Sc. Qing Fei B.Sc. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2014,59(2):543-549
In many criminal and civil cases in China, the most commonly questioned documents are those written with gel pen ink. An important task for forensic document examiners is to identify whether two or more ink entries in one or more documents were written with the same ink type. The identification of the age of gel ink entries made poses an important and difficult problem for forensic document examiners. In this paper, the volatile components of gel ink were determined and the gel ink was classified by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Calibration curves were created to express the relationship between the content of volatile gel ink components and the age of gel ink entries stored under natural and UV‐induced aging conditions. The correspondence between the natural and UV‐induced aging conditions was also established. The experimental results showed that GC was useful in the analysis of black gel ink and applicable for determining the relative age of gel ink entries under certain conditions. 相似文献
70.
Riccardo Rossi M.D. Maria Lodise M.D. Massimo Lancia M.D. Mauro Bacci M.D. Fabio De‐Giorgio M.D. Ph.D. Fidelia Cascini M.D. Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2014,59(3):833-835
In the vast majority of immediate fire deaths, the mechanism of death is inhalation of toxic gases (especially carbon monoxide), direct thermal injury, or neurogenic shock due to the redistribution of the body's blood volume produced by surface heat on the skin. We present a suicidal case that is unusual because the mechanism of immediate fire death could arguably be explained in terms of a primitive autonomic reflex/the trigemino‐cardiac reflex. Although this reflex is well known to surgeons and anesthetists, with possible lethal consequences in the course of invasive surgical procedures on the head and neck region, it is much less familiar to forensic pathologists. 相似文献