Civil service policies in Indonesia: An obstacle to decentralization?

Decentralization of a substantial portion of development activity under Indonesia's New Order has been attempted in the context of centralizing civil service reforms. This analysis, based on field observation in two areas distant from the ‘bureaucratic centre’ of Java, South Sulawesi and East Nusa Tenggara in early 1986, shows some ways in which the structure of the civil service and recent policies governing it have handicapped regional governments in their attempts to develop an apparatus capable of managing decentralization. For example, the structure often leads local officials to prefer rank over technical qualifications in appointments to managerial positions. The analysis also shows how they cope and attempt to maintain their legal prerogatives vis-à-vis the central government. In conclusion policy recommendations are offered that would help to achieve a better balance between the New Order's concerns for centralization and decentralization.     

Estimation of age from the femur of Japanese cadavers

The purpose of this study is to estimate the age of cadavers by histomorphometry of the femur. Seventy-two Japanese males ranged from 43 days to 92 years old and 26 females ranged from 2 to 88 years old were used. The thickness of sections was adjusted at 50 to 70 microns by grinding with sand paper. The sections were not decalcificated. They were stained with Villanueva's bone staining powder and with thionin dye. Microradiographs of the sections were obtained by the soft X-ray apparatus. The area, maximum and minimum diameter, and perimeter of the perfect osteon and Haversian canal were measured. In addition, the type II osteon number, osteon fragment number, and area of triangle were also determined. All these parameters were examined by an image analyzer. The parameters of the osteon showed high correlation coefficient with age (magnitude of r > 0.77), while those of the Haversian canal were low (magnitude of r < 0.11). All parameters were subjected to multiple regression analysis for producing a multiple regression equation of age estimation. For the stepwise selecting method, the perimeter of osteon, maximum length of the Haversian canal and osteon fragment number were selected for the equation. Their multiple r2 and standard error of estimation were 0.8874 and 6.39, respectively. For the forward selection method, in addition to the above items, three parameters, the maximum length of Haversian canal, triangle area, osteon fragment number were selected. Their multiple r2 and standard error of estimation were 0.9484 and 4.884, respectively. Bone staining was useful to clarify the demarcation between osteon and fragment, leading to an increase in the accuracy of age estimation. However, the entire range from birth to 90 years was difficult to cover for precise age estimation.     

医疗纠纷的法医临床学鉴定

目的：剖析医疗纠纷产生的原因;介绍法医介入鉴定的法律依据,法医学鉴定的特点,赔偿的方法,存在的问题等;在最终减少案件发生的前提下,妥善地处理此类诉讼案件。方法：对46例医疗纠纷案件进行回顾性研究,将其按案件的性质、涉及的器官、引起的后果等归类。分析。结果：80％的案例其医疗行为与最终的不良后果之间存在着因果关系,原因包括手术医师对手术区域局部解剖结构分辨不清等技术性因素以及医护人员粗心大意、责任心不强等责任性因素;20％无因果关系。结论：临床医师应与其他行业一样为其所实施的医疗行为承担一定的法律责任。医疗纠纷作为一种特殊的民事侵权行为,在进行民事诉讼赔偿时,法医有必要对其中的因果关系进行评定,以保护双方当事人的合法权益。     

上海地区D1S80位点基因频率分布及其在亲子鉴定中的应用

目的：将D1S80位点的DNA多态性分析应用于亲子鉴定。方法;PCR、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及溴已锭染色。结果：获得D1S80位点的DNA多态性分布数据。结论：D1S80位点的PCR检测方法可成功地用于亲权纠纷案的鉴定。     

PCR-based detection of HLA-DQ alpha and polymarker loci and their application in forensic science

Studies were conducted to evaluate the forensic applicability of multiplex amplification of HLA-DQ alpha and PM loci. These loci could be simultaneously typed by reverse dot blot approach where allele specific oligonucleotide probes were immobilized on a nylon membrane strip. Allele and genotype frequencies for HLA-DQ alpha and PM loci were determined in Chinese Han population. The frequency data can be used in individual identification and paternity test.     

The demographic and agricultural development of the Kokand oasis during the Russian Imperial era: nomad immigration and cotton monoculture

ABSTRACT

This study investigates oasis expansion in the precolonial period and agricultural evolution in the colonial period using village-level statistics from the early twentieth century. This survey illustrates that the Kokand oasis in the Ferghana Valley initially appeared in the central part, where the Sart population settled by the seventeenth century. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Uzbek and Karakalpak tribes migrated to the valley peripheries, while the Kyrgyz semi-nomads settled in the alluvial fan. It is not surprising that such a migratory process created a mosaic-like ethnic distribution. Furthermore, this study suggests that the pattern coincided with a variety of agricultural practices, and presents two contrasting models of cotton monoculture under the Russian Empire. The main area occupied by the Sarts presents a general model of canal-irrigated cotton planting in Central Asia, while the Karakalpaks’ cotton planting using groundwater in the periphery suggests multiple courses of nomad sedentarization.     

Regional distribution of cocaine in postmortem brain of chronic human cocaine users

We measured concentrations of cocaine and its major metabolites (benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methylester, norcocaine, and cocaethylene) in 15 autopsied brain regions of 14 human chronic cocaine users. Only slight differences were observed in concentrations of cocaine and its metabolites amongst the examined brain areas. Although it is likely that some postmortem redistribution of the drug must have occurred, our data are consistent with the possibility that behaviorally relevant doses of cocaine are widely distributed throughout the brain of humans who use the drug on a chronic basis. Consideration should therefore be given to the possible pharmacological and toxicological actions of cocaine in both striatal and extra-striatal brain areas in human users of the drug.