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341.
342.
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) was utilized to obtain characteristic mass spectra from three different smokeless powders and six different black powder samples. In these mass spectra, peaks indicative of both the organic and inorganic additive constituents in the gunpowders were observed. TOF-SIMS was able to successfully differentiate between the different black and smokeless gunpowder samples analyzed with the aid of principal components analysis (PCA), a multivariate statistical analysis approach often used to reduce the dimensionality of complex data. TOF-SIMS was also used to obtain information about the spatial distribution of the various additives contained within the gunpowder samples. SIMS imaging demonstrated that that the samples could potentially be characterized by their 2-D structure, which varied from sample to sample. These results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing TOF-SIMS as a tool for the characterization and differentiation of gunpowder samples for general forensic applications. 相似文献
343.
Economists have always criticized politicians' behaviour. Adam Smith called politicians
“crafty and insidious"; and, more recently Brennan and Buchanan have applied Gresham's law to politics, arguing that the man
for whom the expected profit is highest will be the highest bidder for political power. However in their model there is not
an argument to explain why these people are elected to public offices.
This paper presents a supply model and a demand model explaining why politicians behave as
“wicked" men, and are elected by the citizens. Firstly, we develop a model of repetitive and reputation games that shows why
probity is not important for many politicians. The second model employs asymmetric information theory to explain why voters
elect “wicked" people even if probity is a highly estimated value for them. The paper ends with some suggestions of legal
reforms for reducing this asymmetry of information.
classification D72. D82 相似文献
344.
Cooperative learning vs Confucian heritage culture's collectivism: confrontation to reveal some cultural conflicts and mismatch 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Asian countries with Confucian heritage culture (CHC) such as China, Vietnam, Singapore, Korea and Japan have been proven
to share characteristics of a collectivist society. Researchers agree that this collectivist mentality strongly supports cooperation
that CHC's learners/workers best perform in groups. However, little is known about the other side of the coin. Whilst applying
a method born in one culture to another, cultural differences have been forgotten. The so-called global application has led
to a situation in which a Western model is forced to launch in a completely new and different context. This new context and
the existing cultural values are not always incorporated into the implementation of a Western concept of cooperative learning.
Consequently, it does not necessarily follow that all forms of cooperative learning will surely succeed within a CHC environment.
As a result of ignoring, stereotyping and underestimating cultural and educational characteristics, in CHC countries, the
implementation of constructivism and one of its applications—cooperative learning—has ended up in failures, suspicion or resistance.
The authors would like to question (1) the fixed assumption that “group-work surely works in CHC countries” and (2) the domination
of developmentalism in education nowadays and its mismatch with cultural assets. With this paper, the authors contribute to
the recent call for culturally appropriate pedagogy.
相似文献
Nguyen Phuong-MaiEmail: |
345.
Christina?J.?BorbelyEmail author Julia?A.?Graber Tracy?Nichols Jeanne?Brooks-Gunn Gilbert?J.?Botvin 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2005,34(4):279-291
This study used conflict resolution role play vignettes and self-report surveys of 450 New York City 6th graders to examine associations between adolescents’ conflict resolution efficacy and social skills. Vignettes covered 3 social contexts, conflict with a peer (disagreement over activities), with a parent (raise in allowance), and with a teacher (low grade on report). Effective and ineffective strategies for resolving these conflicts were coded from the videotaped interactions. Adolescents were more often effective in resolving conflict with peers than with parents (χ2(1) = 7.10, p < .01). Strong communication skills cut across interpersonal context as associated with effective resolution. Assertiveness and absence of aggression were associated with effective conflict resolution in vignettes with peers. Assertiveness was also associated with effective conflict resolution in vignettes with parents, however nervousness was unexpectedly found to facilitate conflict resolution in vignettes with parents. Only skills observed within a particular context were associated with effective resolution in that context; self-report skills and cross-context observed skills were not associated with efficacy. Implications for implementation and evaluation of social skills curricula and conflict resolution process are discussed.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence, New Orleans, LA, April 2002Received Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology from Teachers College, Columbia University in 2004. Research interests include adolescent social competence and youth development programs.Received Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology from Pennsylvania State University in 1991. Research interests include the psychosocial correlates of puberty, stress reactivity, and health compromising behaviors and adjustment.Received Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology from Teachers College, Columbia University in 2002. Research interests include social competence, prevention research, and women’s health.Received Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology from Teachers College, Columbia University in 2002. Research interests include social competence, prevention research, and women’s health.Received Ph.D. in 1975 from University of Pennsylvania in Human Learning and Development. Research focus centers around designing and evaluating interventions aimed at enhancing the wellbeing of children living in poverty and associated conditions. Conducts research on transitional periods during childhood and adolescence, focusing on school, family and biological transitions in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Specific interests are in the factors that contribute to positive and negative outcomes, and changes inwell-being over these years.Received Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology from Columbia University in 1977. Research interests include tobacco, alcohol, and drug abuse prevention, violence prevention, AIDS risk reduction among adolescents, health promotion and disease prevention, smoking cessation. 相似文献
346.
Conclusion Neo-Malthusian analysis that high and increasing population density hinders economic development and results in poverty has
been demonstrated to be false. The two major structural variables negatively associated with rate of population increase are
wealth and socialism, and the major determinants of economic growth are level of economic development and economic organization.
If our analysis is correct the various campaigns supported by AID, the major U.S. foundations and other groups to discourage
population growth in Third World countries in order to increase their rate of economic growth are misguided. Every baby born
is not only a new mouth to feed, but also within a few years two more hands to work. There are great potentialities for economic
growth in the Third World that await only the proper economic organization to be realized. That is, if the two hands are used
efficiently, they will more than feed themselves.
Attempts to reduce the birth rate by propaganda and making contraceptives readily available, ignore the structural causes
of high fertility and so are not likely to succeed in reducing the birth rate. Our data suggest that only when the structural
causes of high fertility—the poverty and economic insecurity associated with capitalism—are removed is the birth rate likely
to fall significantly. 相似文献
347.
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350.
Gert Albert 《Berliner Journal für Soziologie》2007,17(1):51-75
Michael Schmid’s criticism of Max Weber’s methodology is both the background and touchstone for a rational reconstruction of Webers doctrine of the idealtypes. In my view, idealtypes are non-falsifiable, idealised theoretical models of a non-statement type of view. This recent approach in the philosophy of science distinguishes between theoretical models on the one hand and theoretical hypotheses on the other. I argue that only the application of these models attains the character of hypotheses. In Weber we find a three step conception of explanation, which encompasses social rules and idealtypes on both the micro and the macro level. The ultimate aim of Weber’s sociology is a macro-socially induced formulation of social species (Arten). They allow a categorisation of the social rules, which are explained through types of action and by means of idealtypes on the macro-level, which serve the function of a theoretical unification. For Weber, macrophenomena allow for a species-realistic interpretation. This realism of social species states an ontological order of empirical reality. Objective truth then means the correct registration of the taxonomical order of social reality and the classification of historical phenomena in this taxonomical order. Weber is an ontological individualist, but, contrary to dominant opinion, a methodological holist. 相似文献