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401.
In 2007, the European Union adopted a lex specialis, Regulation (EC) No. 1394/2007 on advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), a new legal category of medical product in regenerative medicine. The regulation applies to ATMPs prepared industrially or manufactured by a method involving an industrial process. It also provides a hospital exemption, which means that medicinal products not regulated by EU law do not benefit from a harmonized regime across the European Union but have to respect national laws. This article describes the recent EU laws, and contrasts two national regimes, asking how France and the United Kingdom regulate ATMPs which do and do not fall under the scope of Regulation (EC) No. 1394/2007. What are the different legal categories and their enforceable regimes, and how does the evolution of these highly complex regimes interact with the material world of regenerative medicine and the regulatory bodies and socioeconomic actors participating in it? 相似文献
402.
This study took advantage of the new open-source Extremist Crime Database (ECDB) to overcome obstacles to studying domestic
far-right terrorism from a criminological perspective. In the past, exclusive definitions and inclusion criteria have limited
available data on violent crimes committed by domestic far-right terrorists, and official data on violent crimes fail to capture
offenders’ links to domestic far-right terrorism and ideological motivation (e.g., anti-government, anti-abortion, anti-religion).
Therefore, little is known about the nature of far-right terrorist violence and how such violence is similar to and different
from routine or more common forms of violence. Focusing on homicides, this study addressed why and how open-source terrorism
data and official crime data can be comparatively analyzed. In doing so, we also demonstrate the utility of synthesizing terrorism
and official crime data sources. Data on 108 far-right terrorist homicides were taken from the ECDB. Data on 540 common homicides
(five comparison homicides for each far-right terrorist homicide) were randomly sampled from the 2000 Supplementary Homicide
Reports. Using multiple imputation by chained equations and logistic regression, we imputed missing values and estimated models
to compare the two homicide types on 12 different victim, offender, and event characteristics. Relative to common homicides,
we found that far-right terrorist homicides were significantly more likely to have white offenders, multiple victims, multiple
offenders, and to occur between strangers, and they were significantly less likely to have white victims, to be carried out
with a firearm, and to occur in cities with more than 100,000 residents. 相似文献
403.
Alex R. Piquero Jonathan Intravia Eric Stewart Nicole Leeper Piquero Marc Gertz Jake Bratton 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2012,37(1):19-32
Theoretical and empirical consideration has long been given to the role of subcultural attitudes and how they relate to delinquency
and crime. Recently, Anderson has reconceptualized these early attitudinal depictions by considering the formation and role
of these specific attitudes or ‘code of the street’ among African-Americans in inner-city neighborhoods. A number of important
findings have emerged from this literature, yet much remains to be considered. We contribute to this literature in three specific
ways by examining: (1) the scope of street code attitudes across a wide variety of individuals—and not just inner-city African
American (males) to assess the generalizability of these attitudes; (2) the correlates of street code attitudes; and (3) the
extent to which street code attitudes mediate the relationship between various demographic and attitudinal (self-control)
variables and crime. Theoretical implications and directions for future research are addressed. 相似文献
404.
Substantial variation in national crime rates suggests social structure and cultural context influence offending and victimization. Several prominent criminological theories anticipate a positive association between the prevalence of cash in a society and its rates of pecuniary crime. We examined the association between one form of “cashlessness” and national robbery rates across nations (n = 67), controlling for several structural covariates of national crime rates. We obtained data on robbery from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, and data on government-based cashlessness from the Global Financial Inclusion Database. We found nations with higher levels of government-based cashlessness had lower robbery rates (β = ?.41, p = .02). We also undertook several sensitivity analyses, including tests for a relationship with commercial cashlessness and for crimes like homicide and burglary. Our results suggest technological advancements that reduce cash in a society may have implications for a nation’s robbery rates. 相似文献
405.
406.
P. Alex Latta 《Citizenship Studies》2007,11(3):229-246
To date, most treatments of ecological citizenship have been concerned with identifying the ways in which particular approaches to citizenship might provide political tools for working toward more sustainable futures. The present analysis builds on an alternate perspective, which instead treats nature and citizenship as dynamic interconnected sites of power relations. While not dismissive of the existing literature, this approach is partly informed by a concern for promoting a more democratic politics of nature, rather than simply “greener” practices of citizenship. Furthermore, it calls for a more empirically-based analysis of the way in which nature is politicized by different social actors. By way of putting this perspective into practice, the essay examines the case of a conflict over hydroelectric development on the Bío Bío River, in southern Chile, seeking to document the way that nature is constructed vis-à-vis the country's dominant citizenship regime, and also to identify the insurgent voices of alternate ecological citizenships. This is achieved by comparing the discourses of nature and citizenship employed by various actors in the conflict, including proponents of the dams, environmentalists, and the Pehuenche indigenous people, whose lands were at the centre of the struggle. While environmentalists and the Pehuenche can be seen to have advanced significant challenges to the market-based citizenship of Chile's post-dictatorship liberal democracy, the failure of the resistance ultimately led to a re-consolidation of the central ideological components of the existing eco-political order. 相似文献
407.
408.
Greenspoon SA Ban JD Pablo L Crouse CA Kist FG Tomsey CS Glessner AL Mihalacki LR Long TM Heidebrecht BJ Braunstein CA Freeman DA Soberalski C Nathan B Amin AS Douglas EK Schumm JW 《Journal of forensic sciences》2004,49(1):71-80
The PowerPlex 16 BIO multiplex short tandem repeat (STR) system contains the 13 CODIS loci (FGA, TPOX, D8S1179, vWA, D18S51, D21S11, TH01, D3S1358, CSF1PO, D16S539, D7S820, D13S317, and DS5S818), plus two pentanucleotide repeat loci (Penta D and Penta E) and the sex-identifying locus. Amelogenin. The PowerPlex 16 BIO System is optimized for use with the Hitachi FMBIO gel imaging systems. A consortium of seven independent laboratories collaborated to perform the studies defined by the FBI standards for performing a developmental validation, including the evaluation of sample concordance, percent stutter determination, nonprobative casework, precision, sensitivity, mixture determination, effect of substrates, the impact of environmental insults, and species specificity. All samples tested for concordance were consistent except for one sample from the Virginia Division of Forensic Science database that displayed discordance at D13S317, a locus whose primer sequence was altered. Stutter values were comparable to those of other STR multiplex systems, the precision was comparable to other multiplexes analyzed by gel electrophoresis, the DNA profiles were unchanged by the substrate upon which the blood samples were placed, and the nonprobative casework samples re-typed for the PowerPlex 16 BIO System were consistent with previous typing results. When greater than 0.125 ng of DNA was placed into the PowerPlex 16 BIO System amplification reaction, a full profile was generated by all laboratories. The mixture study results were comparable to those reported for other multiplex systems, the environmental study demonstrated a loss of larger molecular weight loci when samples were incubated at elevated temperatures for a prolonged period of time, and the only notable cross species hybridization was observed with primate DNA samples. This extensive validation work performed demonstrates that the PowerPlex 16 BIO System provides STR data of a quality comparable with other PowerPlex STR multiplex kits as well as other widely used STR multiplexes and is thus suitable for evidentiary casework analysis as well as database sample profiling. 相似文献
409.
Cauffman E Piquero AR Broidy L Espelage DL Mazerolle P 《International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology》2004,48(2):235-252
This article examines the relation among gender, social-emotional adjustment, and deviant behavior among serious juvenile offenders. A sample of 105 adolescent offenders completed questionnaires assessing social-emotional characteristics and self-reported involvement in deviant behaviors. Results indicate significant associations between distress and restraint in predicting deviance, a finding that was invariant across gender. Analysis of four distinct social-emotional profiles found that membership in the reactive group was associated with the greatest amount of deviant behavior. Results also indicate that not only do serious offending girls internalize more than serious offending boys, they appear equally likely to externalize. However, although boys exhibit less distress than girls, those boys who report high rates of deviance may exhibit internalizing and externalizing problems similar to girls. The use of social-emotional measures in general, and distinct profiles in particular, may aid in targeting specific programming and treatment in an effort to provide offenders with more effective interventions. 相似文献
410.