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451.
Mark A. Cohen Alex R. Piquero Wesley G. Jennings 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2010,35(3):159-172
Research on criminal careers has examined distinct longitudinal patterns of offending across unique trajectories of offenders
and a recent study has linked the costs of criminal offending imposed by these unique trajectories, with a specific focus
on chronic offenders. In this study, we use longitudinal data from the Second Philadelphia Birth Cohort Study to examine the
extent to which the monetary costs of crime across distinct trajectories of crime vary across both gender and ethnicity. Results
indicate that male adolescent-peaked and low and high-rate chronic offending impose substantial costs, and the average costs
imposed on society by one male high-rate chronic offender is greater than 1.5 million. Although female chronic offending is rarer, these female offenders still impose greater than1.5 million. Although female chronic offending
is rarer, these female offenders still impose greater than 750,000 in costs on average. African-American chronic-offending
costs the most of any racial/ethnic trajectory group at greater than 1.6 million on average for each chronic offender. Hispanic chronic offending on average costs slightly more than1.6 million on average for each chronic offender. Hispanic
chronic offending on average costs slightly more than 200,000, and low-rate White offending costs greater than $100,000 on
average. Costs also appear to peak at different ages for males and females and for African-Americans, Hispanics, and Whites.
Policy implications and study limitations are also discussed. 相似文献
452.
Alex R. Piquero David P. Farrington Brandon C. Welsh Richard Tremblay Wesley G. Jennings 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2009,5(2):83-120
Based on evidence that early antisocial behavior is a key risk factor for delinquency and crime throughout the life course,
early family/parent training, among its many functions, has been advanced as an important intervention/prevention effort.
There are several theories concerning why early family/parent training may cause a reduction in child behavior problems including
antisocial behavior and delinquency (and have other ancillary benefits in non-crime domains over the life course). The prevention
of behavior problems is one of the many objectives of early family/parent training, and it comprises the main focus of this
review. Results indicate that early family/parent training is an effective intervention for reducing behavior problems among
young children, and the weighted effect size was 0.35. The results from a series of analog to the analysis of variance (ANOVA)
and weighted least squares regression models (with random effects) demonstrated that there were significant differences in
the effect sizes of studies conducted in the USA versus those conducted in other countries and that studies that were based
on samples smaller than 100 children had larger effect sizes. Sample size was also the strongest predictor of the variation
in the effect sizes. Additional evidence indicated that early family/parent training was also effective in reducing delinquency
and crime in later adolescence and adulthood. Overall, the findings lend support for the continued use of early family/parent
training to prevent behavior problems. Future research should test the main theories of early family/parent training and detail
more explicitly the causal mechanisms by which early family/parent training reduces delinquency and crime, and future evaluations
should employ high quality designs with long-term follow-ups, including repeated measures of antisocial behavior, delinquency,
and crime over the life course.
Alex R. Piquero is Professor of Criminology & Criminal Justice at the University of Maryland College Park, USA, Co-Editor of the Journal of Quantitative Criminology, and Executive Counselor with the American Society of Criminology. His research interests include criminal careers, criminological theory, and quantitative research methods. He is the recipient of several teaching, research, and mentoring awards. David P. Farrington is Professor of Psychological Criminology at Cambridge University, UK. His major research interests are in developmental criminology and delinquency prevention, and he has completed a number of systematic reviews of the effectiveness of criminological interventions. Brandon C. Welsh, Ph.D. is an Associate Professor in the College of Criminal Justice at Northeastern University, USA. He is an author or editor of seven books, including Saving Children from a Life of Crime: Early Risk Factors and Effective Interventions (Oxford University Press, 2007) and Preventing Crime: What Works for Children, Offenders, Victims, and Places (Springer, 2006). Richard E. Tremblay is Canada Research Chair in Child Development, Professor of Pediatrics/Psychiatry/Psychology, and Director of the Research Unit on Children’s Psychosocial Maladjustment at the University of Montreal, Canada. Since the early 1980s he has been conducting a program of longitudinal and experimental studies, focusing on the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development of children from conception onward, in order to gain a better understanding of the development and prevention of antisocial and violent behavior. Director of the Centre of Excellence for Early Child Development, he is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and the Molson Fellow of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. Wesley G. Jennings, Ph.D is an assistant professor in the Department of Justice Administration at the University of Louisville, USA, and holds a Ph.D. in criminology from the University of Florida. His recent interests are primarily in the application of semi-parametric group-based modeling techniques to study behavioral trajectories over time. Some of his recent publications have appeared in Justice Quarterly, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Journal of Criminal Justice, Criminology and Public Policy, Deviant Behavior, and the Journal of Drug Issues. 相似文献
Alex R. PiqueroEmail: |
Alex R. Piquero is Professor of Criminology & Criminal Justice at the University of Maryland College Park, USA, Co-Editor of the Journal of Quantitative Criminology, and Executive Counselor with the American Society of Criminology. His research interests include criminal careers, criminological theory, and quantitative research methods. He is the recipient of several teaching, research, and mentoring awards. David P. Farrington is Professor of Psychological Criminology at Cambridge University, UK. His major research interests are in developmental criminology and delinquency prevention, and he has completed a number of systematic reviews of the effectiveness of criminological interventions. Brandon C. Welsh, Ph.D. is an Associate Professor in the College of Criminal Justice at Northeastern University, USA. He is an author or editor of seven books, including Saving Children from a Life of Crime: Early Risk Factors and Effective Interventions (Oxford University Press, 2007) and Preventing Crime: What Works for Children, Offenders, Victims, and Places (Springer, 2006). Richard E. Tremblay is Canada Research Chair in Child Development, Professor of Pediatrics/Psychiatry/Psychology, and Director of the Research Unit on Children’s Psychosocial Maladjustment at the University of Montreal, Canada. Since the early 1980s he has been conducting a program of longitudinal and experimental studies, focusing on the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development of children from conception onward, in order to gain a better understanding of the development and prevention of antisocial and violent behavior. Director of the Centre of Excellence for Early Child Development, he is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and the Molson Fellow of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. Wesley G. Jennings, Ph.D is an assistant professor in the Department of Justice Administration at the University of Louisville, USA, and holds a Ph.D. in criminology from the University of Florida. His recent interests are primarily in the application of semi-parametric group-based modeling techniques to study behavioral trajectories over time. Some of his recent publications have appeared in Justice Quarterly, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Journal of Criminal Justice, Criminology and Public Policy, Deviant Behavior, and the Journal of Drug Issues. 相似文献
453.
454.
Commentary on: Gauriot R,Gunaratnam L,Moroni R,Reinikainen T,Corander R. Statistical Challenges in the Quantification of Gunshot Residue Evidence. J Forensic Sci 2013;58(5);1149–55 下载免费PDF全文
455.
456.
457.
Ke Zhang Lara A. Frumkin Alex Stedmon Glyn Lawson 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2013,28(2):150-161
There are many situations in which deception may arise and understanding the behaviors associated with it are compounded by various contexts in which it may occur. This paper sets out a coding protocol for identifying cues to deception and reports on three studies, in which deception was studied in different contexts. The contexts involved manipulating risks (i.e., probability) of being detected and reconnaissance, both of which are related to terrorist activities. Two of the studies examined the impact of changing the risks of deception detection, whilst the third investigated increased cognitive demand of duplex deception tasks including reconnaissance and deception. In all three studies, cues to deception were analyzed in relation to observable body movements and subjective impressions given by participants. In general, the results indicate a pattern of hand movement reduction by deceivers, and suggest the notion that raising the risk of detection influences deceivers’ behaviors. Participants in the higher risk condition displayed increased negative affect (found in deceivers) and tension (found in both deceivers and truth-tellers) than those in lower risk conditions. 相似文献
458.
Alex J. Krotulski M.S.F.S. Amanda L.A. Mohr M.S.F.S. Sherri L. Kacinko Ph.D. Melissa F. Fogarty M.S.F.S. Sarah A. Shuda M.S.F.S. Francis X. Diamond B.S. William A. Kinney Ph.D. M.J. Menendez J.D. Barry K. Logan Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2019,64(5):1451-1461
This is the first report regarding the characterization of the new synthetic cannabinoid 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA. 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA was first analytically confirmed in seized drug material using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Subsequent to this characterization, 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA was detected in biological specimens collected as part of forensically relevant casework, including medicolegal death investigations and drug impaired driving investigations, from a variety of regions in the United States. Further analysis of biological specimens resulted in the identification of the metabolites 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA 3,3‐dimethylbutanoic acid and 4‐OH‐MDMB‐BINACA. 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA is appearing with increasing frequency as a contributory factor in deaths, creating morbidity and mortality risks for drug users. Laboratories must be aware of its presence and impact, incorporating 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA into workflows for detection and confirmation. 相似文献
459.
Rodger Jamieson Lesley Pek Wee Land Donald Winchester Greg Stephens Alex Steel Alana Maurushat Rick Sarre 《Computer Law & Security Report》2012
Identity fraud as a term and concept in its formative stages was often presumed to be identity theft and visa versa. However, identity theft is caused by the identities (or tokens) of individuals or organisations being stolen is an enabling precursor to identity fraud. The boundaries of identity fraud and identity theft are now better defined. The absence of specific identity crime legislation could be a cause of perpetrators not classified as breaching identity crimes but under other specific entrenched law such as benefit fraud, or credit card fraud. This metrics overlap can cause bias in crime management information systems. This study uses a multi-method approach where data was collected in both a quantitative and qualitative manner. These approaches are used as a lens for defining different classes of online identity crimes in a crime management (IS) security context. In doing so, we contribute to a deeper understanding of identity crime by specifically examining its hierarchical classes and definitions; to aid clearer structure in crime management IS. We seek to answer the questions: should current law around identity fraud continue to be reinforced and measures introduced to prevent identity crime; should laws be amended; or should new identity crime laws be constructed? We conclude and recommend a solution incorporating elements of all three. 相似文献
460.
Alex R. Piquero Nicole Leeper Piquero Marc Gertz Jake Bratton Thomas A. Loughran 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2012,37(4):630-646
Deterrence lies at the heart of the criminal justice system and policy. There is a lack of information on citizen??s perceptions regarding a critical element of the deterrence process as it manifests through the communication of sanction threats. This study uses data from over 400 adults to examine their knowledge regarding the probability of detection and the average punishments for DUI, and also assesses the contribution of demographic and theoretical variables in predicting perceptions of detection probabilities and punishment estimates. Results show that persons over-estimate the likelihood of detection and provide higher estimates for average sentence lengths, but very few variables predict deterrence perceptions. An investigation of the resetting effect shows that persons tend to lower the estimated likelihood of punishment after experiencing a punishment. Deterrence may work better if researchers and policy officials understand what influences these perceptions and how they may be modified. 相似文献