Civic Engagements: Resolute Partisanship or Reflective Deliberation

Why do people practice citizenship in a partisan rather than in a deliberative fashion? We argue that they are not intractably disposed to one type of citizenship, but instead adopt one of two different modes depending on the strategic character of current circumstances. While some situations prompt partisan solidarity, other situations encourage people to engage in open‐minded deliberation. We argue that the type of citizenship practiced depends on the engagement of the emotions of anxiety and aversion. Recurring conflict with familiar foes over familiar issues evokes aversion. These angry reactions prepare people for the defense of convictions, solidarity with allies, and opposition to accommodation. Unfamiliar circumstances generate anxiety. Rather than defend priors, this anxiety promotes the consideration of opposing viewpoints and a willingness to compromise. In this way, emotions help people negotiate politics and regulate the kinds of citizenship they practice.     

Institutional Weakness and the Puzzle of Argentina's Low Taxation

Current explanations of taxation levels have identified a host of factors, such as levels of economic development and GDP per capita, tax handles, tax morale, and political regimes. But none of them can account for Argentina's exceptionalism. Using a "transaction cost politics" approach and the case of Brazil for comparison, this article argues that the key to explaining low taxation in Argentina is political instability. Systemic instability affects the tax behavior of governments. Facing an uncertain future, incumbent governments choose to extract resources from society through inflation rather than normal taxation. This article argues that political institutions, particularly federalism, contribute to instability and thereby reduce the discount rates of government policymakers.     

Geschützte Meeresflächen im Bereich der deutschen ausschließlichen Wirtschaftszone von Nord- und Ostsee

In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland gibt es erstmals zwei Naturschutzgebiete des Bundes. Grunds?tzlich ist es Aufgabe der L?nder, schützenswerte Teile von Natur und Landschaft zum Schutzgebiet zu erkl?ren. In der deutschen ausschlie?lichen Wirtschaftszone obliegt die Unterschutzstellung allerdings dem Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit. In Erfüllung der Verpflichtungen aus der EU-Vogelschutz-Richtlinie wurden je ein Gebiet in Nord- und Ostsee aufgrund ihrer besonderen ornithologischen Bedeutung zum Naturschutzgebiet erkl?rt. Der Aufsatz führt in die komplexe Rechtslage im Bereich der ausschlie?lichen Wirtschaftszone ein, gibt einen überblick über die in den Naturschutzgebietsverordnungen getroffenen Regelungen und unternimmt eine erste Bewertung. Betroffenen Nutzern und zust?ndigen Beh?rden will der Beitrag eine erl?uternde Hilfestellung geben.     

The adolescent experience of pregnancy and abortion: A developmental analysis

Discernible trends in the largely inconclusive survey-oriented literature on adolescent pregnancy and abortion suggest that demographic idiosyncracies or neurotic predispositions are the significant correlates of illegitimacy. An in-depth study of a homogeneous population of 13 unwed pregnant adolescents suggests a strong developmental determinant. The experience of pregnancy and abortion is heavily determined by the stage-specific conflicts of early, middle, and late adolescence. From an analysis of interview and projective materials, three clinically and statistically significant patterns of the experience and motivation for pregnancy emerge, one for each of the three adolescent substages. It is suggested that similar developmental paradigms could be applied to a wide range of adolescent issues.This paper is based on a dissertation written in 1972 at the University of Michigan.Received Ph.D. from the University of Michigan. She is presently working at the University of Michigan Health Service as a psychologist. She plants to continue studies of problems connected with feminine adolescent development.