欧盟电子废弃物指令适用范围探析

欧盟的电子废弃物指令(包括WEEE指令和RoHS指令)是目前影响范围最广、适用电子电气设备种类最多的电子废弃物管理法,不论从对欧贸易的角度来说,还是从我国自身立法的角度来看,都应对其认真研究.目前,国内对这两个指令的研究已经展开,但是对其适用范围尚缺乏系统深入的探究,本文准备弥补这一空白.     

Introduction: Meritocracy in Perspective. The Rise of the Meritocracy 60 Years On

Sixty years after its publication, Michael Young’s The Rise of the Meritocracy remains one of the most important texts for understanding the changing intellectual politics of postwar Britain. Young’s fictional vision of a meritocratic society explores the consequences of a society where each citizen is judged according to the formula ‘I.Q. + Effort = Merit’. The successful meritocrats hoard ever-greater rewards for themselves, crystallising into a rigid and repressive elite who rule over an increasingly powerless and depressed underclass. While the concept has evolved and adapted, the language of meritocracy is one of the great survivors of postwar British politics. In an age characterised by the rise of populist leaders and movements, as well as a backlash against educated ‘liberal elites’, revisiting, reinterpreting and re-evaluating Young’s influential satire and the central place the concept of meritocracy occupies in the history of postwar Britain has never been more important.     

Hybrid Coordination for Coping with the Medical Surge from the COVID-19 Pandemic: Paired Assistance Programs in China

The COVID-19 pandemic poses unprecedented challenges to public health care systems and demands intergovernmental coordination to cope with the resulting medical surge. This essay analyzes the operation of Paired Assistance Programs (PAPs) in China, offering a timely comparative case for researchers and practitioners to examine when reflecting on the classic debate over the hierarchical versus network approaches to coordination in emergency management. PAPs highlight the importance of network management and necessity of institutionalizing mechanisms of governance to facilitate coordination within multilevel response systems.     

Identity as Dependent Variable: How Americans Shift Their Identities to Align with Their Politics

Political science generally treats identities such as ethnicity, religion, and sexuality as “unmoved movers” in the chain of causality. I hypothesize that the growing salience of partisanship and ideology as social identities in the United States, combined with the increasing demographic distinctiveness of the nation's two political coalitions, is leading some Americans to engage in a self-categorization and depersonalization process in which they shift their identities toward the demographic prototypes of their political groups. Analyses of a representative panel data set that tracks identities and political affiliations over a 4-year span confirm that small but significant shares of Americans engage in identity switching regarding ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, and class that is predicted by partisanship and ideology in their pasts, bringing their identities into alignment with their politics. These findings enrich and complicate our understanding of the relationship between identity and politics and suggest caution in treating identities as unchanging phenomena.     

货币的信用基础与数字货币的信用缺失

货币从金属到纸币再到虚拟货币的发展,从来都不只是单纯形式的革新。以唯物史观的视角来看,资本主义诞生以来信用制度的发展建立才是货币形式不断革新的直接原因。换而言之,货币形式发展的基础在于信用,在于现实的社会生产力与生产方式的发展。自然,货币的进一步发展也必将采用信用的形式。     

意识形态工作责任制研究:现状与拓展

意识形态工作责任制是党的十八大以来意识形态工作的一项重大制度安排。来自宣传部门、网信部门、高校、社科界的研究者们开展了理论和实践探索,相关研究虽偏重于宣传和经验介绍,但在推进主体、实施对象、建设阵地、问题对策等方面已形成相当成果,两个层面搭建了认识框架。然而,责任制研究仍较不成熟,甚至在基础概念上也只简单沿用了政策话语,亟待学术拓展。对标十九届四中全会精神,责任制研究需要丰富理论体系、强化理论与现实的互动观照,如此,才能在实践中避免责任制的空转,切实发挥意识形态在党和国家各项事业中的重要作用。     

资本研究与统计方法

对资本的研究是一个永恒的话题。价值＝应付成本,剩余价值＝内生利润。“劳动价值”与“商品价值”相对等,商品的价值量＝以时间单位计量的劳动量。瓦尔拉斯均衡的假设前提是零利润。“社会的价值体系”、“企业家的价值体系”都指精神层面观念意义上的“价值”,这与马克思设定的生产层面工时意义上的“价值”,实际上是完全不同的两回事。垄断必然造成经济非均衡。在“资本形成”过程中既有利润率变动,也有利润率不变动。“利润率现象”取决于当时市场是非均衡状态,还是均衡状态。非均衡必须变化为均衡,这是平均利润率出现并存在的必要前提。借助概率与统计方法,通过推导得知,利润率总量与积分有关,平均利润率与导数有关。     

泰国的潮州会馆与中华总商会的关系探析(1938-1945)

泰国华人于1910年组建泰国中华总商会,成为泰国华人的最高团体组织.由于潮州帮华人实力的强大,一直在商会内占据绝对主导地位,因而迟迟未设立潮州会馆组织.直至1938年,潮州籍华人才组建潮州会馆,并成为中华总商会以外的另一个重要华人社团.在潮州籍华人组建潮州会馆的过程中,潮州会馆与中华总商会在人事、活动和职能方面产生了互动关系,并在华侨领袖以及中泰政府的协调下,通过执事关联、制度合作和协调分工,形成良性互动循环和联动机制,更好地维护泰国潮州华人的生存与发展.     

论涵括（一）：一种初步探索

经验法则是司法证明中的一项基础性法则,大陆法系司法证明理论对其进行了概括论述,其理论形态具有较高的概括性、抽象性。英美国家的司法证明学者在“涵括”概念下也具体探讨了经验法则相关的内容,与大陆法系学者对经验法则的概括论述有所区别,英美学者在阐述“涵括”理论时,更注重其在证据能力和证明力评断以及具体司法推论过程中的方法论和工具作用,为我们研究经验法则的内容、作用机制提供了一个新的观察视角。