Indicators and policy formation

Abstract. This paper discusses aspects of recent research into the role of indicators in public-policy formation. The first section briefly reviews social-indicator research in terms of its objectives and techniques. Three broad objectives are identified: (1) monitoring the general state of the community; (2) measuring the quality of life; and (3) measuring the outputs of non-market services supplied by governments. Similarly three research techniques are discussed: (1) collecting and organizing social statistics; (2) modifying existing economic accounts; and (3) modelling specific social processes at a micro level. The second section proposes criteria that policy-useful indicators should meet. The most important of these are relevance to individual welfare, disaggregation for purposes of distribution, and reference to public goals rather than poky instruments. The final section of the paper raises two important problems involved in employing indicators for public-sector management. The first is that indicators in themselves do not provide information as to the optimal level of government action in any particular area. The second involves the policy process directly and the way in which indicators come to be used for policy purposes. One possibility is that the available data dictate the choice. Another is that indicators emerge which coincide with the outlook, interests, and commitments of those involved in the policy process. Indicators are non-neutral in that they point towards a particular policy response, make past policies appear more or less successful, and direct public discussion. Examples are provided to illustrate the points raised in the third section. Sommaire. L'auteur de cet exposé considère certains aspects de la recherche récente sur les indicateurs dans l'élaboration de la politique publique, ainsi que sur le rôle qu'ils ont joué. Dans la première partie il passe rapidement en revue la recherche sur les indicateurs sociaux du point de vue de ses objectifs et des techniques utilisées. L'auteur dégage trois objectifs généraux: (1) le contrôle de l'état général de la communauté; (2) la mesure de la qualité de l'existence; et (3) la mesure des apports des services hors-marché fournis par les gouvernements. Il examine également trois techniques de recherche: (1) l'obtention et l'organisation des statistiques sociales; (2) la modification des comptes économiques existants; et (3) l'élaboration des processus sociaux déterminés à un micro-niveau. La deuxième partie propose des critères auxquels doivent se conformer les indicateurs servant àélaborer des politiques. Les plus importants dentre eux sont leur pertinence pour le bien-être individuel, leur désagrégation aux fins de distribution et leur rapport avec les buts nationaux plutôt qu'avec les instruments de la politique. La dernière partie de la communication soulève deux problèmes importants concernant l'emploi d'indicateurs dans la gestion du secteur public. Le premier, c'est que les indicateurs, comme tels, n'indiquent pas le niveau optimal d'action gouvernementale dans un domaine particulier. Le deuxième concerne directement le processus d'éaboration des politiques et les façons d'utiliser les indicateurs à cette fin. Il y a la possibilité que le choix soit dicté par les données existantes. Il se peut aussi que l'orientation suggérée par les indicateurs coïncide avec le point de vue, les intérêts et les engagements de ceux qui participent à la détermination des politiques. Les indicateurs ne sont pas neutres, en ce sens qu'ils suggérent une politique particulière, qu'ils donnent aux anciennes politiques l'apparence d'avoir plus ou moins bien réussi et qu'ils orientent les débats publics. La troisième partie illustre ces différents arguments par des exemples.     

Reviews

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New York City's approach to problem-employee counseling

Employee problems such as alcohol and drugs (and the emotional turmoil that leads to them) continue to slow productivity and increase turnover. For nine years, New York City has been an innovator in this area of personnel concern, abandoning the traditional warn-and-terminate method for the centralized and cost-effective outreach program that is outlined here.     

What police want from liquor licensing legislation: the Australian perspective

Qualitative interviews were undertaken with 53 Australian police officers with specialist expertise in liquor law enforcement to ascertain their perspectives concerning the liquor licensing legislation in Australia’s eight states and territories. Respondents generally indicated that current arrangements favoured the interests of the alcohol industry and did not sufficiently empower them to reduce alcohol-related harms. Other key themes included: ambiguity surrounding the police role in liquor licensing; difficulties in enforcing drunkenness-related offences; partnerships; strategies to enhance enforcement; data/intelligence gathering; and the separation of Ministerial responsibilities for liquor licensing and policing. Overall, police in Australia are not currently being given the tools they require to effectively reduce alcohol-related harms.     

Political Violence and Regime Change in Argentina: 1965-1976

Argentina, from 1965 to 1976, experienced three major changes of power, two of which were regime changes. What caused all the instability in such a short period of time? The tranquility of the early sixties was shattered by political violence. In 1965, there were fewer than ten incidents per month. By June 1976, before the last military coup, there were over 300 incidents per month. With historical and quantitative data, this analysis will show how political violence can undermine regime stability. Original data were generated to study the consequences of political violence during this period, based on Argentine news sources.