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771.
772.
The importance of “spillovers” in the policy mission of the advanced technology program 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Adam B. Jaffe 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》1998,23(2):11-19
Government policies like the Advanced Technology Program (“ATP”) are intended, at least in part, to remedy the “market failure”
inherent in the fact that a significant portion of the social benefits of new knowledge and technology are not captured by
a firm that invests in R&D. ATP’s project selection, and its evaluation of the impact of its program, can be made more effective
by explicitly incorporating the analysis of such “spillovers.” For project selection, this means identifying technological,
organizational and economic factors that tend to oint to a large “spillover gap,” or deviation between the social and private
rates of return to a proposed project. For program evaluation and assessment, it means adapting existing study methods that
measure social returns to innovation in ways that explicitly capture spillover effects.
This paper is based on a study that I performed for the ATP, Economic Analysis of Research Spillovers: Implications for the
Advanced Technology Program, NIST GCR 97-708. I have benefited from comments and useful discussions with Zvi Griliches, Jeanne
Powell, Rosalie Ruegg, and Richard Spivack. Some of the ideas in this paper grew out of previous joint research with James
Adams. The views expressed herein are my own, however, and should not be attributed to any of these individuals or to the
ATP. 相似文献
773.
Andrew McCall 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》1998,6(2):185-194
In this article the author – member of the European Offender Employment Forum – gives his view on the problems of re-integrating ex-offenders. He describes the pan-European growth of the prison population, the vocational training offered in prisons and the demands of the labour market. He also discusses promising programmes and initiatives to counter the problems faced by ex-offenders. The 'solution' should be multi-dimensional, provide for continuity between pre-release and after-care and counter problems like employment, housing and finances. Governments must make it their business to ensure that the programmes they support are meeting the range of offenders' needs, are linking properly with the labour market and are providing continuity from sentence to community. 相似文献
774.
One of the primary facets of the sociology of law is concerned with the relationships between formal rules and regulations
having the force of governmental social control and the values, norms and practices of those who enforce them (or not). This
“law in action” perspective enables research to test out the differential impact on legal decisions of both formal and informal
aspects of social control (Hawkins, 1992). One of the limitations of recent work on domestic violence is that it focuses too
narrowly on one or two negative sanctions, e.g., arrest or restraining orders, to the exclusion of the other options and the
mix of formal and informal decisions in the criminal justice system as a whole (Reiss, 1974). This research attempts through
a close analysis of the workings of the Quincy, Massachusetts criminal justice system in response to domestic violence, to
identify the consequences, unanticipated and anticipated, of decisions made in several domains (public, police, prosecutors,
and courts) of the criminal justice system. This study uses in-depth interviews with batterers, victims and criminal justice
agency and related personnel as well as agency policies, training materials and records to examine possible unintended consequences
of aggressive intervention in cases of domestic violence. This study will explore the impact of the Quincy Domestic Violence
Program, considered to be a national model, on the lives of victims and offenders who are treated by the court. We have selected
the District Court at Quincy, Massachusetts as our research site. It has a well deserved national reputation treating abusers
systematically from the initial intake by arresting officers through close supervision in probation. 相似文献
775.
776.
Nuclear spin tomography since its beginnings in the seventies has steadily gained in importance as a method of examination in medical diagnostics as it produces a picture. In the field of forensic medicine the NMR technique as used for anatomic-anthropologic issues attempting to identify skulls this is a valuable supplement to an extension of the existing methods of investigation. The results of a measurement of the thickness of soft facial tissue in a live test person is shown as compared to measures obtained by sonography. 相似文献
777.
Andrew Clark 《Liverpool Law Review》2009,30(2):147-171
The Marine and Coastal Access Bill includes legislative provisions for improving public rights of access to the English coast.
This paper examines the background to the coastal access proposals and analyses the draft legislative framework in the context
of ongoing controversies over the creation of public rights of access to private land. It also considers the issue of compensation
payments to the owners and occupiers of land affected by the coastal access proposals. 相似文献
778.
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780.
J J Kuhlman R W Mayes B Levine R Jones G N Wagner M L Smith 《Journal of forensic sciences》1991,36(5):1572-1579
Chloroquine concentrations in blood and tissues were examined in overdose and non-overdose cases to determine appropriate ranges for interpretation. Twenty-nine literature overdose cases and 8 non-overdose literature cases were compared with this laboratory's findings. The results indicate significant postmortem redistribution of chloroquine. Combining this laboratory's results and the literature results indicates that using a liver concentration of 150 mg/kg as a cutoff between overdose and non-overdose concentrations properly identified 30 of the 34 published cases containing liver chloroquine and 19 of the 20 presented cases. 相似文献