Naming oneself criminal: gender difference in offenders' identity negotiation

This qualitative research examines gender differences in offenders'ability to negotiate a positive identity once the pejorative labels of criminal, prostitute, drug dealer, and incompetent parents have been imputed onto them. In-depth semi-structured focused interviews were conducted with a purposeful information-rich sample of eight male and eight female offenders. Content analysis reveals that males were much more adept than female offenders at juggling with conventional and street norms to justify and/or resist stigmatizing labels in order to construct a favorable identity. Appeal to such personal strengths as know-how, competence, loyalty, and a code of honor allowed male offenders to challenge the boundaries between conventional and delinquent worlds. Concomitantly such an appeal gave rise to a sense of efficacy perception and an optimistic explanatory style. In contrast, even though female offenders were able to justify the labels of drug dealer, prostitute, and thief by appeal to higher loyalties and reject that of insane, all their justifications collapsed when having to negotiate the identity of incompetent mother. Female offenders' negative internal attributions and deprivation of the normative center-motherhood resulted in apathy, anomie, and lack of confidence in their ability to do something worthwhile. Rehabilitation guidelines would build female offenders' personal strengths while redirecting those exhibited by male offenders into lawful enterprises.     

Victimized in Amsterdam: The organized reaction

This article deals with the effects of a unique victim assistance project for victimized tourists, the Amsterdam Tourist Assistance Service (ATAS). ATAS intervention turns out to have a direct impact on victims to the extend that the negative consequences or the victims are reduced. Besides, ATAS intervention has a function on repairing Amsterdam's image that probably was damaged aftre the victimization. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Artificial Intelligence,Forward‐Looking Governance and the Future of Security

Over the last years, AI applications have come to play a role in many security‐related fields. In this paper, we show that scholars who want to study AI’s link to power and security should widen their perspective to include conceptual approaches from science and technology studies (STS). This way, scholars can pay attention to critical dynamics, processes, practices, and non‐traditional actors in AI politics and governance. We introduce two STS‐inspired concepts – the micro‐politics of design and development and co‐production – and show how the study of AI and security could benefit from them. In the final section, we turn to the study of AI in the context of Switzerland to underscore what aspects the two previously introduced concepts help to highlight that remain invisible for traditional approaches.     

Liver and spleen ruptures in authentic car-to-car side collisions with main impact at front door or B-pillar.

Seventy-nine belt-protected front seat occupants sustained authentic car-to-car side collisions with impact at front door or B-pillar in which energy equivalent speed (EES) and delta V had a highly significant influence on the occurrence of liver and spleen ruptures. From an EES greater than or equal to 40 km/h the risk of suffering liver and spleen injuries proved to be much higher for occupants on the impact side. Drivers on the impact side often had combined liver and spleen ruptures, front seat passengers had only liver ruptures and combined liver and spleen ruptures. The number of rib fractures on the left or right had a highly significant influence on the occurrence of liver and spleen ruptures. Liver ruptures and combined liver and spleen ruptures were often combined with pelvic ruptures.