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101.
102.
Three- to nine-year-old children were interviewed about a medical emergency (injury requiring hospital ER treatment) two years
after it occurred. Half of the number of children had been interviewed shortly after injury as well as 6 and 12 months later,
while the remaining children had had only one prior interview a year after injury. There was remarkably little long-term deterioration
in memory by both groups. Having a delayed initial interview had two effects, and both were relevant only to the harder-to-remember
hospital treatment event: (a) The late-interview group was less accurate, and (b) early-interview children had more extensive
free recall, suggesting that multiple prior interviews teach children the “rules of the memory game' when they are asked
open-ended questions. Forensic implications are discussed. 相似文献
103.
Renita?R.?Glaser M.?Lee?Van.?Horn Michael?W.?ArthurEmail author J.?David.?Hawkins Richard?F.?Catalano 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2005,21(1):73-102
Prevention science has produced information about risk and protective factors that predict adolescent drug use and related problem behaviors. This paper investigates the Communities That Care Youth Survey that measures multiple risk and protective factors. Using a sample of 172,628 students who participated in surveys administered in seven states in 1998, analyses were conducted to test the factor structure of these risk and protective factors and to test the equivalence of the factor models across five racial/ethnic groups (African Americans, Asians or Pacific Islanders, Caucasians, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans), four grade levels (6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th) and both gender groups. Results support the construct validity of the surveys risk and protective factor scales and indicate that the measures are equally reliable across males and females and five racial/ethnic groups. Implications of these findings for science-based prevention planning are discussed. 相似文献
104.
105.
This study addresses the as yet unaddressed question of the nature of the effects of religiosity and authoritarianism upon endorsement of abstract democratic values. Findings obtained through the analyses of structural equations show that, despite the unsettled political and security atmosphere, Israelis believe in democratic values to a considerable extent. Furthermore, findings do not fully support the theoretical expectation that religiosity is likely to decrease support for democratic values; namely, in and of itself, religiosity has a negligible impact on endorsement of democratic values. Yet again, analyses lend credence to theory on authoritarianism—the negative effect of religiosity on endorsement of democratic values results from the mediation of authoritarianism. These findings are understood and discussed with regard to theoretical implications. The major conclusion, then, in contrast to existing assumptions regarding religiosity and negation of democracy linkage, is that religiosity cannot be considered the sole direct root cause of negation of democracy. 相似文献
106.
107.
Donald?R.?LynamEmail author Joshua?D.?Miller 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2004,20(4):319-341
The importance of the relation between impulsivity and deviance is well-acknowledged among criminologists. However, differences in the representations of impulsivity, some merely titular and others substantive, may cloud our understanding of these relations. The current study examines the argument, offered by Whiteside and Lynam Pers. Individuals Diff. (2000) 30: 669–689, that there may be four distinct personality pathways through which impulsive behavior may be manifested. Across three samples (two undergraduate, one community), we examine the validity of a four-factor structure of impulsivity, test whether these four pathways manifest divergent relations with various forms of deviant behavior such as crime and substance use, as well as laboratory manifestations of aggressive and impulsive behavior, and examine the invariance of these results across gender. The results support the existence of a four-factor model of impulsivity, the importance of two specific personality pathways in relation to self-reports of deviance (lack of premeditation and sensation seeking), as well as actual behavior, and suggest that these pathways are important for both men and women. 相似文献
108.
Police officers are the only professionals mandated by society to use discretionary coercive physical force as a necessary
component of fulfilling their duty to maintain public safety and uphold the law. If community policing is to prevail as an
effective and credible style of law enforcement, the legitimate use of competent police authority will continue to be a vital
issue. This article analyzes the types of officer problems and problem officers that can harm community policing efforts.
These include (1) individual factors, such as attitudes, personality traits, and psychological disorders; (2) police-citizen
interaction factors, such as interpersonal dynamics and community attitudes; and (3) organizational factors, such as training
and supervision, departmental philosophy, and the “cop culture.” The article then offers practical strategies for improving
officer performance, including (1) selection and screening of officers; (2) training and supervision; (3) fitnessfor-duty
evaluations; (4) effective supervision and discipline; (5) coaching and counseling strategies; and (6) the most productive
use of psychological services. Throughout this discussion, the concept of the police officer as a law enforcement professional
is emphasized as essential for guiding public safety policy into the 21st century. 相似文献
109.
Pekka?SanttilaEmail author Katarina?Fritzon Anna?Lena?Tamelander 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2004,19(1):1-16
The present study investigated the possibility of statistically linking arson cases based on consistency of behaviors from
one crime scente to another. Serial and spree arson cases were studied to differentiate underlying themes and to link cases
committed by the same offender. The material consisted of 248 arson cases which formed 42 series of arsons. A content analysis
using 45 dichotomous variables was carried out and principal compnents (PCA) analysis was performed to identify underlying
themes. Summary scores reflecting the themes were calculated. Linking effectiveness was tested with a discriminant analysis
using the summary scores. The PCA analysis was successful and underlying themes which were in accordance with previous studies
could be identified. Six factors were retained, in the PCA. The linking of the arson cases was possible to a satisfactory
level: 33% of the cases could be correctly linked and for over 50% of the cases, the series they actually belonged to was
among the ten series identified as most probable on the basis of the linking analysis. From a practical point of view, the
results could be used as a basis for developing support systems for police investigations of arson.
This research was financially supported by the Finnish Ministry of Interior and by Grant 54456 from the Academy of Finland. 相似文献
110.
Robert?D.?DavisEmail author Cary?D.?Rostow James?B.?Pinkston Dennis?R.?Combs Dennis?R.?Dixon 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2004,19(1):17-26
This study reports an analysis of Bartol's (1991) Immaturity Index and Hargrave and associates' (1988) Aggressiveness Index
as a measure of police conduct. The correlations between the supervisory ratings and the Immaturity and Aggressiveness indices
were examined for 1020 law enforcement officers. The results showed that Immaturity Index was related to termination for failure
to complete training and insubordination. The Aggressiveness Index was related to a termination for failure to complete training
and several other problematic police behaviors, but was not found to be specifically linked with acts of aggression. Implications
for using these two indices in law enforcement selection are discussed.
Authors' Note: Cary Rostow, Ph.D. is president of Matrix, Inc., Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and is in private practice in Baton Rouge. Robert
Davis, Ph.D., is executive vice-president and director of science, research, and development for Matrix, Inc., and has a private
practice in Baton Rouge. James B. Pinston, Ph.D., is a clinical neuropsychologist within the department of neurology at the
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and School of Medicine in Shreveport, Louisiana. Dennis R. Combs, Ph.D.,
is an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Tulsa. Dennis R. Dixon, M.A., is currently a doctoral student
at Louisiana State University. 相似文献