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821.
Anne Hammerstad 《冲突、安全与发展》2012,12(1):1-30
The political and economic debacle in Zimbabwe has led to a large-scale influx of Zimbabweans into neighbouring South Africa. This article argues that there is a complex and significant link between the domestic response to this immigration influx and South Africa's foreign policy towards Zimbabwe. South Africa's foreign and security policy elite preferred to use an immigration approach of benign neglect as a tool to promote its ‘quiet diplomacy’ approach towards the Zimbabwean regime, treating the influx as a ‘non-problem’. But increased xenophobic violence, vigilantism and protests in townships and informal settlements against Zimbabwean and other African immigrants, culminating in widespread riots across the country in 2008, contributed to a change not only in immigration policy but also in the mediation efforts towards the Zimbabwean parties. I argue that this foreign policy change was pushed by a process of ‘securitisation from below’, where the understanding of Zimbabwean immigrants as a security threat were promoted not by traditional security elites but by South Africa's marginalised urban poor. 相似文献
822.
This study consisted of three parts to evaluate the performance of Lumicyano? on a variety of fabrics. One part assessed the impact of dye percentage (8%, 9% and 10%) on visualisation of fingermark detail and luminescent brightness in split grab marks. A 9% dye produced the highest quality detail of grab impressions with least interference from background fluorescence. The second part investigated the optimal relative humidity (RH, 75–84%) for certain fabric types using Lumicyano on split, six-series depletion fingermarks. It was concluded that the recommended RH of 80% remained the ideal cyanoacrylate fuming environment. The final and third part of this study determined the impact of sequential addition of Basic Yellow 40 (BY40) on Lumicyano compared to traditional cyanoacrylate (CA) followed with BY40 application. Results from this study demonstrated that Lumicyano on its own developed fingermarks with superior quality to Lumicyano with sequential addition of BY40 or traditional cyanoacrylate followed by BY40. Inclusion of more fabrics, donors and longer ageing periods should be explored in future studies to determine what frameworks are best for certain types of fabrics. 相似文献
823.
Anne Barron 《Law and Philosophy》2012,31(1):1-48
The rapid recent expansion of copyright law worldwide has sparked efforts to defend the ‘public domain’ of non-propertized
information, often on the ground that an expansive public domain is a condition of a ‘free culture’. Yet questions remain
about why the public domain is worth defending, what exactly a free culture is, and what role (if any) authors’ rights might
play in relation to it. From the standard liberal perspective shared by many critics of copyright expansionism, the protection
of individual expression by means of marketable property rights in authors’ works serves as an engine of progress towards
a fully competitive ‘marketplace of ideas’ – though only if balanced by an extensive public domain from which users may draw
in the exercise of their own expressivity. This article shows that a significantly different, and arguably richer, conception
of what a free culture is and how authors’ rights underpin it emerges from a direct engagement with the philosophy of Immanuel
Kant. For Kant, progress towards a fully emancipated (i.e. a ‘mature’ or ‘enlightened’) culture can only be achieved through the critical intellectual activity that public communication demands: individual expressive freedom is
only a condition, not constitutive, of this ‘freedom to make public use of one’s reason in all matters’. The main thesis defended
in this article is that when Kant’s writings on publicity (critical public debate) are read in relation to his writings on
the legal organization of publishing, a necessary connection emerges between authors’ rights – as distinct from copyrights
– and what Jürgen Habermas and others have named the public sphere. I conclude that it is the public sphere, and not the public
domain as such, that should serve as the key reference point in any evaluation of copyright law’s role in relation to the
possibility of a free culture. 相似文献
824.
825.
Political Behavior - Non-constituent donors constitute an increasingly important fundraising base for members of the U.S. House. These donors are theorized to be seeking “surrogate... 相似文献
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Some federal courts have used a reasonable woman standard rather than the traditional reasonable man or reasonable person standard to determine whether hostile environment sexual harassment has occurred. The current research examined the impact of the reasonable woman standard on federal district court decisions, controlling for other factors found to affect sexual harassment court decisions. Results indicated that there was a weak relationship between whether a case followed a reasonable woman precedent-setting case and the likelihood that the court decision favored the plaintiff. The implications of our findings for individuals and organizations involved in sexual harassment claims are discussed. 相似文献
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830.
Anne Mackintosh 《Development in Practice》1997,7(4):464-474
This paper 1 explores some of the reasons for the failure of the international community to act decisively in preempting the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. These are rooted both in long-distant history and in the dynamics of post-Cold War international politics. Drawing on a decade of experience in Central Africa, the author looks critically at the widely accepted explanations of the genocide and its aftermath as 'simply tribal fighting', and considers the role of external agents - journalists and aid agencies alike - in fostering this view. The paper ends with a reflection on the complex challenges posed by 'reconciliation' in the wake of the genocide. 相似文献