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321.
Using case-study material of contracting for clinical and ancillary services in the health care sector of developing countries, this article examines the capacities required for successful contracting and the main constraints which developing country governments face in developing and implementing contractual arrangements. Required capacities differ according to the type of service being contracted and the nature of the contractor. Contracting for clinical as opposed to ancillary services poses considerably greater challenges in terms of the information required for monitoring and contract design. Yet, in some of the case-studies examined, problems arose owing to government's limited capacity to perform even very basic functions such as paying contractors in a timely manner and keeping records of contracts negotiated. The external environment within which contracting takes place is also critical; in particular, the case-studies indicate that contracts embedded in slow-moving, rule-ridden bureaucracies will face substantial constraints to successful implementation. The article suggests that governments need to assess required capacities on a service-by-service basis. For any successful contracting, basic administrative systems must be functioning. In addition, there should be development of guidelines for contracting, clear lines of communication between all agents involved in the contracting process, and regular evaluations of contractual arrangements. Finally, in cases where government has weak capacity, direct service provision may be a lower-risk delivery strategy. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
322.
Despite a declining interest in the relationship between leadership, culture, and performance in the scholarly literature, culture change is alive and well among leaders in the public sector as a means to improve performance. This essay reviews the trajectory of culture studies and proposes a modest model of organizational culture that sets aside many of the conceptual and methodological arguments about culture, focusing instead on what leaders actually do to change culture. The model is examined in the context of organizational culture change efforts in the city of Alexandria, Virginia. Several practical and theoretical insights are offered from this pragmatic and leadership‐focused approach to culture. 相似文献
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Reconfiguring Law: An Ethnographic Perspective from Botswana 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anne Griffiths 《Law & social inquiry》1998,23(3):587-620
Using two marital disputes, this article examines women's experiences in bringing legal claims regarding family property in Botswana. It highlights the ways women draw on diverse economic and social resources available to them through their differing positions within gendered social networks that shape daily life and affect the ability to access and manipulate a legal system incorporating Tswana customary law and European law. The divergent discourses among women and between women and men document how the administrative and theoretical separation of legal systems does not extend to people's uses of the law in arranging their own lives. This analysis challenges the formalist model of legal pluralism by demonstrating that legal arguments are constructed from the gendered social and economic facts of individuals'lives that traverse the legal categories of European and customary law. It also contributes to feminist legal scholarship by explicitly marking the links among gender, power, and law. 相似文献
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Noni K. Gaylord-Harden Brian L. Ragsdale Jelani Mandara Maryse H. Richards Anne C. Petersen 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2007,36(1):77-88
Existing research leaves a gap in explaining why African American adolescents do not exhibit more anxiety and depression than
other youth, at the same time that they experience more contextual risk factors. The current study examined the roles of social
support as well as possible mediators self-esteem and ethnic identity (sense of belonging to one’s ethnic group) in reducing
internalizing symptoms in 227 African American adolescents (mean age = 12.55). Structural equation models indicated that self-esteem
and ethnic identity partially mediated the relation between social support and depression. For depression, ethnic identity
accounted for more of the social support effect for males, whereas self-esteem had more impact for females. The mediation
model for anxiety was supported in females, with self-esteem more important than ethnic identity. The results suggest that
ethnic identity and self-esteem function as important links in how social support reduces internalizing symptoms in African
American youth.
Assistant Professor, Clinical Psychology, Loyola University Chicago. Received Ph.D. in Psychology from The University of Memphis.
Current interests include coping and resilience in African American youth and the role of family characteristics in children
and adolescents’ stress and coping processes.
Teaching Associate, School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University. Received Ph.D. in Psychology from University
of Rhode Island. Research interests include ethnic identity in African American youth and the effects of exposure to violence
on well-being.
Assistant Professor, Human Development and Social Policy, Northwestern University. Received Ph.D. in Psychology from University
of California, Riverside. Primary research examines the nature and effects of socialization, father’s involvement, and how
they interact with gender, race, and SES to impact youths’ academic and social development.
Professor, Clinical and Developmental Psychology, Loyola University Chicago. Received Ph.D. in Human Development from the
University of Chicago. Current research interests include the developmental stage of adolescence with a focus on the daily
experience of urban African American young adolescents and how this relates to their psycho- social well being. Dr. Richards
served as a Predoctoral Adolescent Fellow (1979–1981) and Postdoctoral Adolescent Fellow (1984–1985) at the Clinical Research
Training Program in Adolescence in Chicago, IL, which was co-directed by Dr. Daniel Offer., Loyola University Chicago, 6525
N. Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL, 60626 USA
Visiting Professor, Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs; President, University of Minnesota and Global Philanthropy Alliance.
Received Ph.D. in Measurement, Evaluation, and Statistical Analysis from the University of Chicago. Research interest is in
adolescent development. Dr. Petersen served as Coordinator of the Clinical Research Training Program in Adolescence (1978–1982)
and Associate Director (1976–80) and Director (1980–82) of the Laboratory for the Study of Adolescence at Michael Reese Hospital
and Medical Center (Chicago, IL) where Dr. Daniel Offer served as Director of the Department of Psychiatry. Dr. Petersen and
Dr. Offer collaborated on numerous research papers while working together at Michael Reese Hospital., University of Minnesota
and Global Philanthropy Alliance USA 相似文献
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