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31.
Multilateral economic sanctions can be expected to impose greaterterms-of-trade effects on a target nation than unilateral sanctions. Yet despite their potential for greater economic damage, multilateral sanctions often are less effective in bringing about desired political results in the target. An interest-group model of endogenous policy suggests that multilateral sanctions can undermine the political effectiveness of opposition groups in the targetcountry, or strengthen those groups supporting the objectionable policy of the ruling regime. Such perverse effects are due in part to the inability of multilateral coalitions to enforce cooperation among members, and to the appropriation of sanctions rents in the target country. Unilateral sanctions, however, imposed by a country with close ties to the target, are ofteneffective in achieving their intended political objectives. 相似文献
32.
After the failure of all enterprises in legal ontology, and after the success of all enterprises in legal system internal
theodicy, the field of legal theory is now open to receive a range of more complex, less universalist, less politicised, but
also more personally shaped, more fragile suggestions. My article focusses on three such ways of dealing with the law question:
the work of Pierre Legendre, a French psychoanalyst and specialist of the history of administrative law and Christian religion,
the work of Niklas Luhmann, the recently deceased founder of a new German schoolof sociological systems theory, and that of
Giorgio Agamben, an Italian philosopher whose re-opening of the discussion on the Benjaminian notion of bare life and its
relationship to law has provoked worldwide attention.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
33.
In their most recent works, North and his coauthors (North, D. C., J. J. Wallis, S. Webb, and B. R. Weingast. 2012. In the Shadow of Violence: Politics, Economics, and the Problems of Development. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; North, D.C., J. J. Wallis, and B. R. Weingast. 2009. Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press) name the formation of organizations capable of effectively restricting violence in society as a necessary condition for transition from developing societies to societies with sustainable economic growth. However, the mechanisms of emergence and conditions for the operation of such organizations in contemporary developing countries remain unclear. We follow the logic of formation of such organizations using the case study of collective actions of the Russian business community aimed at restricting “state violence” against business. We seek to identify the conditions leading to a shift in the choice of strategies from attempts at informal agreements with extortionists controlling means of coercion to cooperation of businessmen and trace the further evolution of organized forms of collective action. Finally, we assess to what extent the created organizations can be efficient and self-supporting in the long term. 相似文献
34.
35.
Anton Schütz 《Law and Critique》2011,22(2):189-203
A stationary eddy that constantly re-forms in the riverbed of the evolution of Western normative institutions, Legal Critique
dates back, beyond modernity, to the beginning of the so-called Common Era. But critique also shapes the historical review
of earlier phases of this evolution, and this not only as a method of the examination of sources, but also as a transferential
displacement that tends to project into history the divides and aporias which define a present political situation. Unsurprisingly,
this proceeding betrays more about current conceptions than it reveals about those of the past. The fate of the philosophical
topic of immanence and transcendence and that of the proto-modern politics inaugurated by the distinction of God’s absolute
versus ordered power offer a significant case in point. Certain critical orientations find in the long and complex history
of these divides merely their own anticipated echo. Yet, the split between the adepts of an Aristotelian universe rooted in
the being of the good and the followers of Spinoza, accustomed to absolute power and immanent causality, resists such simplifications and warrants
a new examination. 相似文献
36.
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38.
Robert Matyáš Ph.D. Antonín Lyčka Dr.Sc. Robert Jirásko Ph.D. Zdeněk Jakový Ph.D. Jaroslav Maixner C.Sc. Linda Mišková M.Sc. Martin Künzel M.Sc. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2016,61(3):759-764
Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN), an ester of nitric acid and erythritol, is a solid crystalline explosive with high explosive performance. Although it has never been used in any industrial or military application, it has become one of the most prepared and misused improvise explosives. In this study, several analytical techniques were explored to facilitate analysis in forensic laboratories. FTIR and Raman spectrometry measurements expand existing data and bring more detailed assignment of bands through the parallel study of erythritol [15N4] tetranitrate. In the case of powder diffraction, recently published data were verified, and 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR spectra are discussed in detail. The technique of electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was successfully used for the analysis of ETN. Described methods allow fast, versatile, and reliable detection or analysis of samples containing erythritol tetranitrate in forensic laboratories. 相似文献
39.
Lubomir Straka M.D. Ph.D. Frantisek Novomesky M.D. Ph.D. Anton Gavel M.D. Juraj Mlynar Ing. C.Sc. Petr Hejna M.D. Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2013,58(5):1384-1387
A 29‐year‐old man was found dead lying on the bed in a hotel room in a famous Slovak mountain resort. He had a full‐face diving mask on his face, connected through a diving breath regulator to a valve of an industrial (nondiving) high‐pressure tank containing pure 100% nitrogen. The breath regulator (open‐circuit type) used allowed inhalation of nitrogen without addition of open air, and the full‐face diving mask assured aspiration of the gas even during the time of unconsciousness. At autopsy, we found the typical signs of suffocation. Toxicological analysis revealed 94.7% content of nitrogen in alveolar air. Following the completion of the police investigation, the manner of death was classified as a suicide. Within the medico‐legal literature, there has been only one similar case of suicidal nitrogen inhalation described (1). 相似文献
40.
Anton Gerunov 《国际公共行政管理杂志》2017,40(8):649-657
This paper provides an overview of Bulgaria’s policy on open data by using the framework of a novel Open Data stage model, showing that the country is still at the first stage of opening data. We also present a detailed overview of the data landscape of the public sector in the country and outline the first milestones and successes in its efforts to publish some of that data for reuse. A complete data audit reveals persistent technological and cultural barriers to publishing public sector information but also outlines the potential of doing so. The paper summarizes the limited knowledge about the actual benefits of open data and proposes moving beyond anecdotal evidence and usage metrics toward a more complete impact evaluation. 相似文献