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131.
132.
In this paper, we test for causality between GDP growth andsocial protection expenditure in the European Union. To that end,we apply Hsiao's (1981) sequential procedure to data for twelveEU countries along the 1970–1994 period. Our results suggestthat, for Belgium, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,Portugal, and Spain, causality runs only from social protectiongrowth to GDP growth, while for Denmark, France, Greece, Italy,and the United Kingdom, no causality is found between socialprotection growth and GDP growth. 相似文献
133.
Access to Power Versus Exercise of Power Reconceptualizing the Quality of Democracy in Latin America
Research on comparative democratization has recently expanded its focus to issues of institutional quality: clientelism, corruption,
abuse of executive decree authority, and weak checks and balances. However, problems of institutional quality are so different
from those involved in regime transitions that it is unproductive to treat them as part of the same macro-process, democratization.
Whereas regime transitions are changes in the form of access to power, problems of institutional quality involve the exercise of power. Abuses in the exercise of power affecting institutional quality are best characterized not as indicators of authoritarianism
and deficiencies in democratization but as reflecting—in Weberian terms—patrimonialism and failures in bureaucratization.
Moreover, struggles over the exercise of power involve causes, mechanisms, and actors that can be quite distinct from those
at play in conflicts over access to power. The proposed analytical framework centered on the distinction between access and
exercise enhances conceptual clarity and provides a stronger theoretical basis for tackling fundamental questions about politics
in Latin America, including the failure of democratization to curb clientelism and foster other improvements of institutional
quality, and the prospects of democratic stability under patrimonial administrations. 相似文献
134.
Mbène Dièye Faye John C. Weber Bayo Mounkoro Joseph-Marie Dakouo 《Development in Practice》2010,20(3):428-434
Native species of trees and shrubs contribute significantly to farmers' livelihoods by supplying food, medicinal products, fodder, and wood. In the case study reported in this article, this contribution to farmers' annual revenue varied from 26 per cent to 73 per cent, and was as high as US$ 650 a year for households for which agroforestry products were the primary source of revenue. Household consumption was not quantified in the study, but farmers' comments confirmed that native trees also played an important role in assuring food security, especially in the ‘hunger period’ when grain stores are low and farmers are waiting for the next harvest. 相似文献
135.
Adorján F. Kovács 《Berliner Journal für Soziologie》2010,20(4):499-526
In the light of the increasing political influence on German universities (amongst others, the excellence initiative) with effects on the selection of top positions, this article examines the appointment of chairs (department heads) in a “small” surgical specialty during the last 30 years. Following the delineation of official indicators of competence (inclusion criteria) within an appointment procedure, it can be shown that a broad distribution of institutions and persons that meet these criteria exists. The empirical examination of the actually successful occupations shows that closure mechanisms play a role because the successful candidates stem from no more than 10 out of 34 clinical departments. The monetary capital in terms of third-party funds is the most important allocation criterion, but cannot sufficiently explain the way appointments take place. As there are candidates who in formal terms are in a wide measure equally qualified, and a consequential uncertainty of the basis of decision within an appointment procedure, the derivation of the candidate in terms of a personal relationship to a chair holder (department head) from whose clinic he applies and who acts as a patron, proves to be the decisive distinction following the examination of all inclusion criteria. This results in a reproduction of the chair holders (department heads) largely from the same clinical departments and the formation of an academic caste system. In perspective, this cartel-like closure appears to be getting increasingly worse. 相似文献
136.
137.
138.
LIU J i a n g y o n g 《国际安全研究》2016,2(2)
The joint establishment of One Belt One Road is a practice of international
cooperation initiated by China and actively participated by other countries. One of
the important issues is how to ensure sustainable common security, and what kind of
geopolitical theory should be employed for guidance. Traditional geopolitical theories,
such as sea power theory, land power theory and Rimland theory, mainly serve for the
fi ght for geopolitical hegemony or military strategy. They are in sharp contrast with the
goal of One Belt One Road, which is of mutual interest and a win-win situation. However,
One Belt One Road is still regarded by some countries from the traditional geopolitical
perspective. To equip One Belt One Road with new geopolitical concepts, the author
hereby proposes the theory of land-ocean peaceful cooperation, which is a non-alliance
network community of common interests, security and destiny. This community would
be established for mutual benefi ts, between ocean countries and land countries, among
ocean countries and among land countries. It could help policy communication among
participant countries of One Belt One Road, and the establishment of an open net-like
system of peaceful operation and common development. The theory of land-ocean
peaceful cooperation of sustainable security, together with the practice of international
cooperation of One Belt One Road, will undoubtedly break through the vicious cycle of
the Eurasian geographical fi ght and confrontation between sea powers and land powers
illustrated by the traditional geopolitics. 相似文献
139.
M. Pilar Latorre Ramón Hermoso María A. Rubio 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2017,42(6):1255-1275
In the last years, Science and Technology Parks (STPs) have been considered facilitators of inter-organizational relationships, as well as instruments of public policy, by creating networks and allowing access for the learning of local innovation. In this study, we propose a quantitative tool as support for measuring the efficiency of STPs through the analysis of the complex networks they form. We present a generic framework called the Inter-Relationship Science-Park Analysis (ISA) framework to study STPs at three different levels of management: (1) individual entities (research centres, universities, innovation companies, etc.); (2) STP global management; and (3) productive sector development. Moreover, we have applied the ISA framework to a real-world case study: the Walqa Science and Technology Park. Through it we have been able to know what relationships are established within this Science and Technology Park and which are the most important nodes in this network of interactions. 相似文献
140.
Eduardo Alemán Margarita M. Ramírez Jonathan B. Slapin 《Legislative Studies Quarterly》2017,42(4):637-659
This article examines how parties organize legislative speech. Electoral incentives and legislative institutions affect speech participation. When electoral systems create personal vote‐seeking incentives, parties are less concerned with screening speeches and more supportive of members seeking to garner name recognition. But in many countries, legislative rules and norms constrain opportunities for individual position taking during the lawmaking debates. We argue that parties resolve this dilemma by organizing speech participation into nonlegislative speeches and lawmaking debates. In each instance, different types of legislators are more likely to speak. We examine the case of Chile and test the implications of our theory with data on congressional speeches. 相似文献