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341.
Arthur McMartin 《Australian Journal of Public Administration》1979,38(3):263-278
So much has been written and said about the evil effects of patronage on the efficiency of the public service before the introduction of open competitive examinations, that it has become almost a truism that those appointed before the Northcote-Trevelyan recommendations came mainly from the ranks of the unambitious, the indolent and the incapable. Certainly the older method of recruitment produced more than a fair share of Tadpoles and Tite Barnacles. But it would be flying in the face of evidence to describe officials of this kind as making up the bulk of those recruited by this method. Politicians did not invariably use their patronage to gratify some supporter or to provide a safe haven for those unfit to face the competition of their contemporaries. Long before competitive examinations were instituted, Samuel Pepys, William Lowndes, James West, Edward Weston and James Stephen had demonstrated that even political jobbery could produce men who were not only conscientious and gifted administrators, but who also conducted themselves as if “the government of England was becoming a job to be done rather than an opportunity to be exploited”. 相似文献
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Arthur F. McEvoy 《Law & social inquiry》1995,20(2):621-651
This article is part of a larger study on the history of industrial safety law in the United States, one that places particular emphasis on the development of competing attributions of the causes of industrial injury as that development relates to changes in technology, political economy, and culture. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire of 1911, long noted as a catalyst for Progressive Era factory reform, evorked a change in the legal culture's "common sense" of why and how industrial injuries took place. By focusing on and making tangible causal theories that had been in circulation for some time but never embodied successfully in the law, the Triangle fire destroyed long-standing ideological barriers to factory legislation. It thus played a significant role in laying the epistemological foundation of the modern regulatory state. 相似文献
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Arthur C. Brooks 《Journal of policy analysis and management》2007,26(3):599-612
Many studies over the past 20 years have looked at the response of charitable donations to tax incentives—the tax price elasticity of giving. Generally, authors have assumed this elasticity is constant across all types of giving. Using the 2001 Panel Study of Income Dynamics data on charitable giving, this paper estimates the tax price elasticity across six nonprofit subsectors, finding substantial variation. These results suggest that the fiscal effectiveness of tax deductibility depends on the type of donation involved. This has implications for both public policy and nonprofit management. © 2007 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management 相似文献