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201.
One of the most difficult challenges in technology transfer is to measure the movement of knowledge from basic scientific
research to industrial technology. This paper will report on a study of the linkage between science supported by the Agricultural
Research Service (ARS) and patented technology. This study traced the citations from U.S. patents issued in 1987–88 and 1993–94
to scientific research papers linked to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). The number of patent citations to ARS papers,
and to other USDA-supported papers has increased fourfold over the six-year period. A distinct difference also exists between
the patent-cited ARS papers and patent-cited extramural USDA-supported papers: ARS papers are in more agriculturally related
journals, while the extramural papers were in more basic and biomedical journals. USDA-supported papers were overwhelmingly
cited by U.S.-invented patents (in a patent system in which half the patents are foreign-invented). In the primary field of
ARS papers (Biology), they are cited much more often by patents than Biology papers from any other publishing organization.
Since the publishing organizations and support sources of all the papers cited in these patents have now been identified,
we can study the transfer of scientific results to patented technology by institution, by agency, or by any other category
of patent or paper holder.
The authors thank the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agricultural, especially Dr. Richard Parry,
for this paper' use of the study performed for them by CHI Research, Inc. (Grant number 59-0790-6-054) 相似文献
202.
Francis‐Benoît Pelletier 《Negotiation Journal》2015,31(2):105-129
Managerial conflict resolution skills such as mediation have often been poorly defined and measured. We used a mixed‐method design to develop a managerial mediation competency scale. In our first study, we used semistructured interviews to identify managerial mediation skills and attitudes, from which we derived a framework for measuring managerial mediation competency. In our second study, we developed scale items and used a quantitative survey to test the scale's psychometric qualities and to gain insight into the theoretical structure of managerial mediation competency. Our managerial mediation competency scale can be used in research questionnaires or organizational surveys as a training, research, and theory development tool. 相似文献
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209.
Escalation in crime seriousness over the criminal lifecourse continues to be an important issue to study in criminal careers.
Quantitative research in this area has not yet been well developed owing to the difficulty of measuring crime seriousness
and the complexity of escalation trajectories. In this paper we suggest that there are two types of escalation process—escalation
associated with experience of the criminal justice process, and escalation associated with age and maturation. Using the 1953
birth cohort from the England and Wales Offenders Index followed up to 1999, and a recently developed seriousness scale of
offenses, we constructed the individual sequences of seriousness scores from conviction to conviction. These individual sequences
were then analyzed using a variety of longitudinal mixed models, with age, number of conviction occasions, sex and number
of offenses used as covariates. The results suggest that ageing is associated with de-escalation whereas the number of conviction
occasions are associated with escalation, with the two processes pulling in different directions. This conceptual framework
helps to disentangle previously contradictory results in the escalation literature. 相似文献
210.